H* ions generated by reactions in the electron transport chain, as well as H* ions present in the matrix of the mitochondria, are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space at three different sites. True False
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- Sonicating a suspension of mitochondria produces submitochondrial particles derived from the innermitochondrial membrane. These membranous vesicles seal inside out, so that the intermembrane space of themitochondria becomes the lumen of the submitochondrial particle. Explain (or diagram) the process of electrontransfer and oxidative phosphorylation in these particles. Assuming all the substrates for oxidativephosphorylation are present in excess, does ATP synthesis increase or decrease with an increase in the pH ofthe fluid in which the submitochondrial particles are suspended? Why?Although the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: Present two types of benefits derived from separating the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol from those that occur during the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion.Using a generalized terminology (i.e. neither CIII nor CIV specific), explain how complex III and IV act as electron/proton charge separation device (not a proton pump) in mitochondria bioenergetics to create electron potential through the iner mitochondria membrane
- Although the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: If the inner mitochondrial membrane were rendered as permeable as the outer membrane, how would that affect oxidative phosphorylation? Which specific processes would stop and which remain?What is the total number of H+ transferred from matrix to intermembrane space of the mitochondria by complexes I, II and III for every 2 electrons movement? What would be the total amount of ATP synthesized (explain)?For the Complex III in the electron transport chain: Complex III step 1: UQH2 is oxidized in a 2 electron process. Cytochrome c is reduced and UQ is reduced to UQH in two 1 electron processes. Complex III step 2: UQH2 is oxidized in a 2 electron process. Cytochrome c is reduced and UQH is reduced to UQH2 in two 1 electron processes. The necessary standard reduction potentials are: UQ + 2H+ + 2e- UQH2 E° = 0.06 V cyt c (Fe3+) + e- cyt c (Fe2+) E° = 0.254 V UQ + H+ + e- UQH. E° = 0.03 V UQH. + H+ + e- UQH2 E° = 0.19 V Calculate the total redox potential of the complex. Now calculate how many moles of protons can be translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane if translocation of 1 mole requires 23 kJ. Calculate the free energy available for proton translocation assuming a 2electron process for each complex.
- How much energy is required to pump a mole of protons in a mitochondria with the following conditions? pH of matrix = 8.2, pH of intermembrane space 7.4, membrane potential of - 65 mV (N-side relative to P-side), temperature = 37C. Express answer to the nearest 0.1 kJ/mole.Referring to the figure below, explain why NADH yields more ATP than FADH2 does. Electron-transport and proton pump Oxidative phosphorylation Outer mitochondrial membrane H* -Intermembrane H+ H+ H+ space H* H+ H+ Cytochrome c H+ COQH, CoQ UU COQH2 CoQ JU U Inner mitochondrial membrane Ht e ATPase Complex II Complex II Complex IV Complex e ADP +P - Mitochondrial matrix NADH NAD+ FADH2 FAD АТР H+ -H+ H+ H20Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase in the first step of the glycolytic pathway to trap it in the cell, as G6P cannot diffuse across the lipid bilayer. This reaction also decreases the concentration of free glucose, favoring additional import of the molecule. However, this has a postive standard free energy of 3 kcal per mole. To favor this reaction, hydrolysis of ATP is coupled, which has a standard free energy of -7 kcal per mole. Determine the actual free energy change in kcal/mole for the following conditions: Glucose concentration: 4.5 mM ATP conc: 3.79 mM G6P conc. 0.052 mM ADP conc: 0.12 mM inorganic phosphate conc: 1.3 mM temperature: 313 K Ans. in 3 SFs.
- Describe, in simple diagrams and a few words, the chemiosmotic theory for coupling oxidation to phosphorylation in mitochondria.a) In the common electron transport pathway, electrons move from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to the terminal electron acceptor found in eukaryotic mitochondria. Discuss the roles of mitochondria as a powerhouse in eukaryotes.Arsenate (AsO³-) closely resembles phosphate in structure and reactivity. However, arsenate esters are unstable and are spontaneously hydrolyzed. If arsenate is added to actively respiring mitochondria, what would be the effect on ATP synthesis? ATP synthesis will decrease because cells require less energy when arsenate is available. ATP synthesis will not be affected because mitochondria are incapable of taking up arsenate. ATP synthesis will stop due to the formation arsenate-ADP anhydrides. ATP synthesis will increase because arsenate anhydride hydrolysis increases ATP turnover. If arsenate is added to actively respiring mitochondria, what would be the most likely effect on the rate of the electron-transport chain? The rate of electron transport will decrease, because arsenate inhibits Complexes I and II. The rate of electron transport will decrease, because arsenate inhibits the citric acid cycle. The rate of electron transport will increase, because arsenate increases the demand…