Glucose is normally 100% reabsorbed, such that no glucose is excreted in the urine. Explain why a person with diabetes and a blood glucose level of 450 mg/dL will have glucose excreted in his urine.

Minimal change glomerulopathy results in proteinuria and is a major cause of nephrotic syndrome. Briefly explain (make sense of) this statement and outline the changes occurring in the filtration barrier which permit proteins to enter the renal tubules, and explain two consequences of losing plasma proteins from the body.

Explain the interactions between ADH, angiotensin-renin-aldosterone P, GFR, in a patient with acute hemorrhage.

Given the changed levels of H+, would you expect more or less acidic urine?

Explain the mechanism how furosemide affects kidney tubules. How does this affect K+ balance? How different is the mechanism of thiazide affect urine production? Describe the process of acid-base regulation in human body.

Why does the ingestion ofalcohol increase diuresis?

Regulation of extracellular potassium is not particularly important because only about two percent of the total body potassium is in the extracellular fluid. TRUE or FALSE

Nathan has Addison’s disease (insufficient aldosterone release). How does this affect his plasma Na+ and K+ levels? How does this affect his blood pressure? Explain.

In pituitary diabetes insipidus, describe the renal handling of water and water balance in the patient in terms of frequency of thirst and urination.

Given: For urea, the rate of excretion equals to the GFR times the urea concentration in plasma. (A) If the urea concentration in plasma is 4.5 mmol/l, what GFR (in l/day) would correspond to an excretion rate of 450 mmol/day. (B) If the urea clearance is 70 ml/min and the GFR is 125 ml/min, what fraction of urea is being reabsorbed. (answer A and B)