our patient has a condition called hyporenin hypoaldosterone, which results in low levels of aldosterone. [Note: the NORMAL actions of aldosterone in the kidney is to excrete K+ and reabsorb Na+.] This condition results in excess K+ in the blood (lab results showed 7.5 mmol/L K+ in the blood) and low levels of Na+ in the blood (lab results showed 110 mmol/L Na+ in the blood). Answer the following questions. For the calculation, show your work. A. What is the medical term for high blood K+ levels?    B. Calculate the Equilibrium Potential for K+ using the above lab value and a normal ICF K+ level of 145 mmol/L. C. What is the normal RMP for ventricular cardiac myocytes?    E. What effect can this condition have on the heart?

In a different instance of two infants suspected to have a defi- ciency of the PDH complex because of severe lactic acidosis, tissue biop- sies could not be taken to measure URINARY EXCRETION OF PYRUVIC AND a-KETOGLUTARIC ACIDS Pyruvic Acid (итol/ mg of creatinine) a-Ketoglutaric Acid (µmol/mg of creatinine) Age Special Diet or Drugs Patient G. M. 5 wk 2.26 3.57 enzyme activities. Instead it was no- ticed that there were high concentra- tions of organic acids in the urine. Typical results are tabulated in the ta- ble on the right. Identify the enzyme defect and explain why it presents this metabolic pattern. What other meta- bolic breakdown products likely were also detected especially following a high protein diet but are not listed? Name the defective enzyme. 7½ wk 2.10 3.39 11 wk 1.35 4.63 12 wk After 18-hr fast 1.87 0.44 High-protein, low-carbohy- drate diet 15 wk 1.62 5.38 Patient D. M. 1 day 13 days 0.87 0.44 Thiamine 0.45 3.44 24 days 0.33 2.47 4 wk 0.53 1.23 6 wk Thiamine 0.42…

Which of the following combinations would lead to the greatest INCREASE in blood pressure? decrease ADH and decrease aldosterone decrease ADH and increase aldosterone increase ADH and decrease aldosterone increase ADH and increase aldosterone

Some tumors of the adrenal cortex secrete excess aldosterone and may cause paralysis. Explain this effect andidentify the electrolyte and fluid imbalances you wouldexpect to observe in such a case