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In Fig. 13.18, gene 2 seems to be expressed at higher levels than gene 5. Justify the claim that the two genes have similar profiles and might be coregulated
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- Scientists studied gene expression and phenotypes of the YJL213W gene in yeast to determine how phosphate was transported based on two different genotypes. The PHO84 locus of the gene is a phosphate transporter and the PHO4 locus is a regulator of genes that respond to phosphate availability. Two genotypes were compared and are shown in the graph: BY (solid black line, triangles) and RM (dashed line, Xs). Which of the following statements describes the correlation between the genotype, phosphate concentration, and YJL213W expression based on the data? A - In RM genotypes, a lower PHO4 activation level led to less YJL213W expression and a lower rate of phosphate transport. B - In RM genotypes, a greater PHO4 activation level led to less YJL213W expression and a lower rate of phosphate transport. C = In BY genotypes, a lower activation level of PHO4 led to more YJL213W expression and a higher rate of phosphate transport. D - In BY genotypes a greater activation level of…During periods of sustained demand and in the presence of sufficient nutrients, muscle cells can increase in size. When the size of muscle cells increases, they will often develop additional nuclei in their intracellular environment. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the expression of additional nu- clei in growing muscle cells? A B с D Nutrients entering the cells will be digested and recycled more quickly by the additional nuclei to better support the subcellular components in the cell as its size increases. The ATP molecules that are produced in the additional nuclei will be able to better sup- port the increased energetic demands on the muscle cell as its size increases. The addition of more nuclei to the cell will allow more genetic information to be stored in the cell and allow the cell to produce additional types of proteins as its size increases. Additional nuclei allow subcellular components to continue to be sufficiently expressed and transferred…Troponin is a complex composed of Troponin C (TnC), Troponin I (TnI), and Troponin T (TnT); the complex is found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle. Two "isoforms" of TnI and two "isoforms" of TnT are expressed in human skeletal muscle tissue. Q:The isoforms of TnI in the sentence above mean: A:One single TnI gene encodes two different TnI proteins as a result of alternative splicing of the TnI pre-mRNA. B:There are two different TnI genes, each produces a TnI protein.
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- The gene Igf2 for the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) promotes growth hormone production and cell proliferation, and is maternally imprited. The IGF receptor gene Igf2r counters the effects of the Igf2 gene and is paternally imprinted. In knockout experiments with mice, which combination of manipulated genes will result in mice that will grow to normal size? (a) The maternally derived Igf2r and paternally derived igf2 are both normally expressed. (b) The maternally derived Igf2r and paternally derived igf2 are both deleted. (c) The maternally derived Igf2r is normally expressed but the paternally derived Igf2 is deleted. (d) The paternally derived Igf2 is normally expressed but the maternally derived Igf2r is deleted. A. (c) and (d) B. (d) only C. (a) and (b) D. (a) onlyThe following chromosomal aberration is found in nearly 90-95% of all patients who have chronic myelogenous leukemia. This is because the change brings the BCR and ABL genes in close proximity. BCR is responsible for cell growth, and ABL is a proto-oncogene... this favors uncontrolled growth. Which is the most accurate description of the aberration... chio moso me 9 Philad elphia chromosome chromosome 22 BCR ABL 22q11.2 (BCR) 9934 1 (ABL) Deletion Translocation Inversion Duplication DELL O O O CBelow is a figure (here called Figure 1) from “Prognostic Significance of CpG Island Methylator Phenotype and Microsatellite Instability in Gastric Carcinoma,” by An et al., published in Clinical Cancer Research in 2005. The authors look at five microsatellite loci (BAT 25, BAT 26, D2S123, D5S346, and D17S250) in normal (N) and tumor (T) tissue from patients with Gastric Carcinoma. They amplify the loci by PCR and then instead of using standard agarose gel electrophoresis, they run the PCR products through capillary gel electrophoresis and detect bands as they pass a laser near the positive charge terminal. The x-axis in these plots is the time at which the band passed the laser (aka size of the PCR product) and the intensity of the peaks represents the amount of DNA in that band A. Which patient- 18, 30, or 1- shows the most microsatellite instability? Which patient shows the least? How do you know? B. In which repair pathway is it most likely that you will find the driver mutations…
- Aurora AAurora A is a protein that acts as a kinase (transfers phosphates to molecules). Many types of cancer cells, including breast cancer cells, have higher than normal levels of this protein.Expressions of Aurora A genes in normal breast tissues (n = 10), normal tissues adjacent to tumors (n = 12) and breast tumors (n = 14).Scientists studying the production of Aurora A protein in normal frog cells observed that the amount of this protein in the cells changed throughout the cell cycle.Scientists tested chemicals that block Aurora 2 to see if they could be used as anti-cancer drugs. They found that some of the candidate drugs did slow the growth of cancer cells in cell culture in the lab. But when they tested these drugs in cancer patients to see if the drugs could slow the growth of solid tumors, they found that the benefit to patients was small when compared to the development of severe side effects such as anemia (low red blood cell count) and leukopenia (low white blood cell…Describe how polymorphisms is found at 13910-C/T and 22018-G/A in the regulatory area of the lactase gene (LCT). And elaborate the mechanism for two polymorphisms causing mutation from 13910-C/T and 22018-G/A to 13910-C/C or 22018-G/G variants in lactase intolerance disorder. also, how LCT gene is corelated to lactase intolerance disorder?Yeast cells are grown with galactose as the sole carbon source and ATP levels are abundant. Describe and diagram how GAL1 gene expression will be changed (or unchanged) in 1) a ΔGal3 mutant and 2) a ΔGal4 mutant in comparison to WT. (Δ is a symbol for deletion.) WT: ΔGal3: ΔGal4: