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What did the results of the study show? What techniques did the researchers use in the study to increase the accuracy of their study?  How do periodic fires result in more diversity in a forest?

What did the results of the study show? What techniques did the researchers use in the study to increase the accuracy of their study?  How do periodic fires result in more diversity in a forest?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Refer to Thought Lab 3.2 on page 99 of the textbook to complete the questions 

  1. What did the results of the study show?
  2. What techniques did the researchers use in the study to increase the accuracy of their study? 
  3. How do periodic fires result in more diversity in a forest?
Thought Lab 3.2 Forest Habitat and Bird Biodiversity How will communities of birds vary between a forest dominated by one tree species (a pure stand) and a forest with a variety of tree species (a mixed stand)? This is a question that two biologists-Erin Bayne from the University of Alberta and Keith Hobson from the University of Saskatchewan-examined in a study in Saskatchewan. What they learned can be used to predict how future changes to boreal forests, particularly logging practices, might impact species of birds. In their study, Bayne and Hobson set up "count stations" in stands of black spruce, jack pine, aspen, and white spruce. They had stations in pure stands and in mixed stands. For example, for black spruce, they had study areas where over 75% of the canopy (the "top" of the forest) was dominated by black spruce (pure stands) and study areas where more than 25% of the canopy was dominated by black spruce and one or two other tree species (mixed stands). They used the following protocols (procedural rules) in their study: • All count stations were at least 250 m apart. • All count stations were at least 100 m from the "edge" of the study area. • All birds that were heard or seen during a 10 min early- morning count were recorded. • Observers were tested beforehand to ensure that they had similar levels of expertise at identifying birds. • Counts were taken twice, in early and late June. • Observers counted at each station only once; for the second survey, a different observer was used. In this Thought Lab, you will interpret some of Bayne and Hobson's results, given in the following table. pure mixed Target Skills Analyzing data to look for patterns between and among variables Evaluating the impact of human activities on the biodiversity of an ecosystem 90 Procedure Examine the data in the table. Compare species richness and abundance in the eight sample sites. Species richness is the number of species. Abundance is the actual number of individual birds. Analysis 1. In this study, what did the researchers find out about the species richness and abundance of bird communities when they compared stands of trees with just a single tree species (pure stands) with stands with a variety of tree species (mixed stands)? 2. Based on your understanding of habitats and niches, explain the researchers' results. 3. Choose three of the protocols that the researchers used. Explain why each protocol resulted in a more accurate survey. 4. How might a study such as this be helpful when planning how and where to harvest trees and what to replant? Comparing Species Richness and Abundance in Pure and Mixed Stands of Trees Species of tree Type of stand black spruce trembling aspen white spruce jack pine pure mixed 11 pure mixed pure mixed J Species richness 13 15 18 24 23 Abundance 56 60 39 76 91 71 94 (Adapted from: Hobson and Bayne, 2000, Breeding Bird Communities in Boreal Forests of Western Canada) 5. When fire burns through a forest on a regular basis, it burns in patches, rather than in a devastating way that destroys the entire forest. How does this type of periodic forest fire result in a diversity of habitats in a forest? Chapter 3 Ecosystems and Their Diversity MHR 99
Transcribed Image Text:Thought Lab 3.2 Forest Habitat and Bird Biodiversity How will communities of birds vary between a forest dominated by one tree species (a pure stand) and a forest with a variety of tree species (a mixed stand)? This is a question that two biologists-Erin Bayne from the University of Alberta and Keith Hobson from the University of Saskatchewan-examined in a study in Saskatchewan. What they learned can be used to predict how future changes to boreal forests, particularly logging practices, might impact species of birds. In their study, Bayne and Hobson set up "count stations" in stands of black spruce, jack pine, aspen, and white spruce. They had stations in pure stands and in mixed stands. For example, for black spruce, they had study areas where over 75% of the canopy (the "top" of the forest) was dominated by black spruce (pure stands) and study areas where more than 25% of the canopy was dominated by black spruce and one or two other tree species (mixed stands). They used the following protocols (procedural rules) in their study: • All count stations were at least 250 m apart. • All count stations were at least 100 m from the "edge" of the study area. • All birds that were heard or seen during a 10 min early- morning count were recorded. • Observers were tested beforehand to ensure that they had similar levels of expertise at identifying birds. • Counts were taken twice, in early and late June. • Observers counted at each station only once; for the second survey, a different observer was used. In this Thought Lab, you will interpret some of Bayne and Hobson's results, given in the following table. pure mixed Target Skills Analyzing data to look for patterns between and among variables Evaluating the impact of human activities on the biodiversity of an ecosystem 90 Procedure Examine the data in the table. Compare species richness and abundance in the eight sample sites. Species richness is the number of species. Abundance is the actual number of individual birds. Analysis 1. In this study, what did the researchers find out about the species richness and abundance of bird communities when they compared stands of trees with just a single tree species (pure stands) with stands with a variety of tree species (mixed stands)? 2. Based on your understanding of habitats and niches, explain the researchers' results. 3. Choose three of the protocols that the researchers used. Explain why each protocol resulted in a more accurate survey. 4. How might a study such as this be helpful when planning how and where to harvest trees and what to replant? Comparing Species Richness and Abundance in Pure and Mixed Stands of Trees Species of tree Type of stand black spruce trembling aspen white spruce jack pine pure mixed 11 pure mixed pure mixed J Species richness 13 15 18 24 23 Abundance 56 60 39 76 91 71 94 (Adapted from: Hobson and Bayne, 2000, Breeding Bird Communities in Boreal Forests of Western Canada) 5. When fire burns through a forest on a regular basis, it burns in patches, rather than in a devastating way that destroys the entire forest. How does this type of periodic forest fire result in a diversity of habitats in a forest? Chapter 3 Ecosystems and Their Diversity MHR 99
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