Efficiency of ATP Production in Muscle: The transformation of glucose to lactate in myocytes releases only about 7% of the free energy released when glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O. Does this mean that anaerobic glycolysis in muscle is a wasteful use of glucose? Explain.
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- The transformation of glucose to lactate in myocytes releases only about 7% of the free energy released when glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O. Does this mean that anaerobic glycolysis in muscle is a wasteful use of glucose? Explain.Unlike a rabbit, running all-out for a few moments to escape a predator, migratory birds require energy for extended periods of time. For example, ducks generally fly several thousand miles during their annual migration. The flight muscles of migratory birds have a high oxidative capacity and obtain the necessary ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA (obtained from fats) via the citric acid cycle. Compare the regulation of muscle glycolysis during short-term intense activity, as in a fleeing rabbit, and during extended activity, as in the migrating duck. Why must the regulation in these two settings be different? Extended activity requires the highly efficient anaerobic metabolism of fats, rather than the less efficient aerobic metabolism of glucose. Extended activity requires the highly efficient aerobic oxidation of fats, rather than the less efficient anaerobic metabolism of glucose. Extended activity stimulates glycolysis because the concentrations of citrate and acetyl-CoA are…Assuming that all the glucose entering a muscle fiber is oxidized, as what molecule will the glucose carbon leave the body? Of glucose’s six carbons, two oxidized carbon byproducts will be produced by one enzyme, and four will be produced by a metabolic pathway. At which enzyme and pathway are these carbon-based bi-products produced?
- decrease in *The following reaction occurs during the glycolysis pathway: glucose-6-phosphate a) b) AG°¹ fructose-6-phosphate +0.4 kcal/mol Determine the value for the equilibrium constant in a mammal whose body temperature is 37°C. In red blood cells, normal observed cellular concentrations include 83 μM glucose-6-phosphate, and 14 μM fructose-6- phosphate. Under these conditions, is this reaction at equilibrium? If not, will it favor formation of more fructose-6-phosphate or more glucose-6-phosphate? What structural feature do NAD+ NADP+ and FAD have in common?Calculate the net ATP production during the complete oxidation of one tripalmitoylglycerolmolecule into CO2 and H2O in the liver. Do you think the same number of net ATP moleculeswill be produced from the complete oxidation of one tripalmitoylglycerol molecule into CO2 andH2O in the liver and in the skeletal muscle? Why or why notIntracellular concentrations in resting muscle are as follows: fructose- 6-phosphate, 1.0 mM; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, 10 mM; AMP, 0.1 mM; ADP, 0.5 mM; ATP, 5 mM; and P, 10 mM. Is the phosphofructokinase reac- tion in muscle more or less exergonic than under standard conditions? By how much?
- Saccharides: Using the following substrates, estimate the net ATP yield after glycolytic pathway, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain. Assume that the estimate for ATP yield per mole of NADH is 3 moles of ATP, while 1 mole of FADH2 is equivalent to 2 moles of ATP, and one mole of GTP is equivalent to one mole of ATP. Show all pertinent solutions and determine: a) ATP used, b) ATP produced, and c) Net ATP. Based on your solutions, rank the substrates based on increasing yield of ATP Two moles of fructose-1,6-biphosphateSaccharides: Using the following substrates, estimate the net ATP yield after glycolytic pathway, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain. Assume that the estimate for ATP yield per mole of NADH is 3 moles of ATP, while 1 mole of FADH2 is equivalent to 2 moles of ATP, and one mole of GTP is equivalent to one mole of ATP. Show all pertinent solutions and determine: a) ATP used, b) ATP produced, and c) Net ATP. Based on your solutions, rank the substrates based on increasing yield of ATP 1. Three moles of glucose-6-phosphate 2. Four moles of pyruvic acidSaccharides: Using the following substrates, estimate the net ATP yield after glycolytic pathway, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain. Assume that the estimate for ATP yield per mole of NADH is 3 moles of ATP, while 1 mole of FADH2 is equivalent to 2 moles of ATP, and one mole of GTP is equivalent to one mole of ATP. Show all pertinent solutions and determine: a) ATP used, b) ATP produced, and c) Net ATP. Based on your solutions, rank the substrates based on increasing yield of ATP 1. Three moles of glucose-6-phosphate
- Phosphofructokinase-1 is the main flux controlling enzyme for glycolysis. It is inhibited by high [ATP]. There exist metabolic circumstances in which the inhibition by ATP is overridden. Draw velocity vs. [S] graphs showing the inhibition of PFK-1 activity by ATP and the circumstance in which the inhibition by ATP is overridden.Saccharides: Using the following substrates, estimate the net ATP yield after glycolytic pathway, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain. Assume that the estimate for ATP yield per mole of NADH is 3 moles of ATP, while 1 mole of FADH2 is equivalent to 2 moles of ATP, and one mole of GTP is equivalent to one mole of ATP. Show all pertinent solutions and determine: a) ATP used, b) ATP produced, and c) Net ATP. Based on your solutions, rank the substrates based on increasing yield of ATP Five moles of Acetyl coenzyme AState whether each statement is true or false. If the statement is false, correct it so it can be true. (a) Oxidative phosphorylation generates heat by converting ADP to ATP. (b) The effects of a poison on actively respiring mitochondria are being studied to determine its mode of action. When the poison is added, all proteins and Q in the electron transport chain are in the reduced form, and ATP production stops. (Assume electron transport is continuously occurring.) This means that the poison could be inhibiting complex I.