Describe the anatomy of movement of the wave of cell depolarization throughout the heart during the cardiac cycle.

The entry of calcium into a ventricular muscle cell helps to maintain depolarization of the membrane during the plateau phase of the action potential, but this calcium also performs what other function?

Detail action potential of myocardial conduction and contractile cells – see stages. Include all ion movement in your answer.

Describe the conditions at the sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cells at rest.

Explain how the blood volume in the left ventricle changes throughout the cardiac cycle in response to changes in left atrial pressure, left ventricular pressure, and aortic pressure. Start with the relaxation of the ventricle at the beginning of diastole.

Discuss the events in an action potential that are generated in cardiac contractile cells.

How does the cardiac contractile refractory period differ from a typical skeletal muscle refractory period?

The rapid depolarization phase of heart pacemaker cells is caused by which of the following? movement of Na+ through funny channels movement of Ca++ through L-type channels movement of Na+ and Ca++ through funny channels movement of K+ through funny channels all of the above

1a) Exercise immediately increases end-diastolic volume.True/False b)Mean arterial pressure is a relevant stimulus for the baroreceptor reflex.True/False c)Which of the following would be the most relevant efferent pathway for the regulation of cardiac output by the hormone epinephrine. (baroreceptor, axon, blood, ventricular cells, AV node, brainstem)

In a cardiac auto-rhythmic cell what is the mechanism involved in the change in membrane potential Depolarization: Pna increases, Peak: Na channels close, Plateau: Calcium channels open & Potassium channels close, Repolarization Potassium flows in & Calcium flows out Depolarization: Pna increases, Peak: Na channels close, Plateau: Calcium channels close & Potassium channels open, Repolarization Potassium flows out & Calcium flows in Pacemaker: K+ and Na+ flow, Depolarization: Pca rises Repolarization: Pk rises, 4. If channels close Pacemaker: K+ and Na+ flow, Depolarization: Pca rises Repolarization: Pk rises Depolarization: P wave Repolarization: QRS Complex, Hyperpolarization: T wave O O