Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Why is the rate of cardiac muscle relaxation faster when a positive inotropic agent is present?
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- How does a positive inotropic agent increase the strength of cardiac muscle contraction?arrow_forwardWhat effect does hypocalcemia have on the contractile force developed by cardiac muscle?arrow_forwardWhat is the concept of Cardiac Output Max, Cardiac Output Rest, and Cardiac Output Reserve?arrow_forward
- Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle doesn’t undergo tetany. Explain how this is achieved and why is this necessary?arrow_forward5) what causes the plateau phase during a cardiac muscle action potential? a) open voltage gated K+ channels b) closed voltage gated K+ channels c) open voltage gated Ca+ channels d) open voltage gated Na+ channels e) closed voltage gated Ca+ channelsarrow_forwardWhat are the two functional importances of the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle?arrow_forward
- In a cardiac contractile cell what is the mechanism involved in the change in membrane potential? Depolarization: P wave Repolarization: QRS Complex, Hyperpolarization: T wave Pacemaker: K+ and Na+ flow, Depolarization: Pca rises Repolarization: Pk rises Depolarization: Pna increases, Peak: Na channels close, Plateau: Calcium channels close & Potassium channels open, Repolarization Potassium flows out & Calcium flows in Pacemaker: K+ and Na+ flow, Depolarization: Pca rises Repolarization: Pk rises, 4. If channels close Depolarization: Pna increases, Peak: Na channels close, Plateau: Calcium channels open & Potassium channels close, Repolarization Potassium flows out & Calcium flows outarrow_forwardDescribe the conditions at the sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cells at rest.arrow_forwardWhat action potential of specialized heart cells know the function of each channel and the process?arrow_forward
- Frank-Starling law of the heart states: if you increase the stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers you will decrease the force of contraction a greater end diastolic volume will produce a weaker contraction of the ventricle by increasing the force of ventricular contraction you will increase the end systolic volume if you increase the stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers you will increase the force of contraction.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.arrow_forwardWhy is afterload important to cardiac function?arrow_forward
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