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- The pressure in the aorta changes throughout the cardiac cycle. During systole, as the heart contracts, the outflux of blood into the aorta causes an increase in pressure, whereas during diastole the pressure decreases as the heart relaxes. A simple model for the aortic pressure waveform is given by the Windkessel effect described by the image below. In this model, the heart is considered a pressure generating pump which is directly connected to an elastic compartment (the aorta), which in turn is connected to a rigid set of peripheral vessels (the hose of the firefighter). 5 Pump Heart Air Windkessel Elastic arteries In order to find the aortic pressure waveform from the Windkessel model, a mass balance formulation around the aorta must be formulated. Coming into the aorta from the heart we have the flowrate Q(t). According to conservation of mass, this inflow rate Q(t) must be equal to the outflow rate into the peripheral vessels and the change in volume of the aorta. To find these…Based on the concentration gradient of sodium, potassium, and calcium in cardiac myocytes, which of the following applies to the process of depolarization? Select one: Sodium moves out of the cell. Calcium and sodium move out of the cell. Sodium and calcium move into the cell. Sodium and potassium move out of the cell. Potassium and calcium move into the cell.Trace the biochemical electrical pathways that result in cardiac conduction.
- Discuss Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle?Using LEADER LINES or ARROWS, precisely label 15 relevant events of the cardiac cycle on the graph, including: the 5 major phases 2 heart sounds where valves open and close (4 of these) where major pressure changes occur (4-5 of these)Describe the anatomy of movement of the wave of cell depolarization throughout the heart during the cardiac cycle.
- Draw a ventricular-function curve illustrating the Frank-Starling mechanism.define cardiac cycleWhich of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.
- Based on the results shown in Figures 2A and 2B, was there a significant change in TP interval in either group? Explain your results using your knowledge of the cardiac cycle and of how the heart is regulated by electrical activity.Explain control of the cardiac cycle.Describe the events that occur during one cardiac cycle.
