The entry of calcium into a ventricular muscle cell helps to maintain depolarization of the membrane during the plateau phase of the action potential, but this calcium also performs what other function
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The entry of calcium into a ventricular muscle cell helps to maintain depolarization of the membrane during the plateau phase of the action potential, but this calcium also performs what other function?
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- Contrast action potentials in ventricular muscle cells with SA node action potentials.Draw a ventricular muscle cell action potential.Which of the following channels is responsible for generating the long plateau found in the action potentials of ventricular myocytes? a-slow Na+ channels b-slow Ca2+ channels c-leaky Ca2+ channels d-leaky Na+ channels
- A drug is found to partially inactivate fast sodium channels. Mow would this drug change the action potential in a ventricular myocyte? How would the drug affect conduction velocity within the ventricle?The pressure in the aorta changes throughout the cardiac cycle. During systole, as the heart contracts, the outflux of blood into the aorta causes an increase in pressure, whereas during diastole the pressure decreases as the heart relaxes. A simple model for the aortic pressure waveform is given by the Windkessel effect described by the image below. In this model, the heart is considered a pressure generating pump which is directly connected to an elastic compartment (the aorta), which in turn is connected to a rigid set of peripheral vessels (the hose of the firefighter). 5 Pump Heart Air Windkessel Elastic arteries In order to find the aortic pressure waveform from the Windkessel model, a mass balance formulation around the aorta must be formulated. Coming into the aorta from the heart we have the flowrate Q(t). According to conservation of mass, this inflow rate Q(t) must be equal to the outflow rate into the peripheral vessels and the change in volume of the aorta. To find these…Below are drawings of three different action potentials. Two of these occur in the heart, and one occurs in skeletal muscle. Which one comes from a contractile cardiac muscle cell? A skeletal muscle cell? A cardiac pacemaker cell? For each one, state which ion is responsible for the depolarization phase and which ion is responsible for the repolarization phase.
- In a sheet of ventricular cardiac muscle tissue, we should be able to observe electricity spreading between adjacent muscle cells (TRUE or FALSE) and from Purkinje fibers to muscle cells (TRUE or FALSE) via electrical synapses that form between the cell membranes.Why is the rate of cardiac muscle relaxation faster when a positive inotropic agent is present?Knowing that a patient with chronic heart failure is using digoxin (digitalis) for more than 1 year, what effect has this treatment on the distribution of ions across the membrane of cardiac muscle cells? What is effect will be of digitalis on cardiac contractility? What is an inotropic effect? How does digitalis help to treat patients with heart failure?
- Explain differences between action potentials of cardiac muscle cells and those in nodal cells of the conducting systemVentricular Contractility increases in response to circulating Epinephrine. What factor is responsible for this increase in the force of the contraction?You are testing a compound as cardioactive drug. You know the compound is an agonist of acetylcholine (ACh) at the relevant ACh receptor (AChR) on sinoatrial (SA) node cells. Briefly describe how the action of the drug likely would affect the electrical signal produced by the SA node cells. In respect of cardiac output, what would you expect to be the effect of this drug?
