Describe several components of pathogens that are involved inmicrobial adhesion.

Q: All of the following are mechanisms used by pathogens to penetrate host defenses EXCEPT:   1.…

A: Correct answer is.. None of the other four answers (all are examples of how pathogens penetrate host…

Q: Define inflammation. Mention its types and its morphological patterns

A: Our body protects us from various foreign substance that enters our body by its defence mechanism.…

Q: Encapsulated organisms can be phagocytized once antibodies against the capsule have been produced.…

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that have an undefined nucleus and nuclear membrane. Most of the…

Q: Which is an example of chemotaxis? the movement of cells toward or away from a chemical stimulus the…

A: In biological terms, chemotaxis can be defined as the movement of the cells towards the chemicals…

Q: How does toxin neutralization occur? Viral neutralization?

A: Microbial toxins are poisonous substances  synthesized by the microorganisms which demonstrate a…

Q: Some of the following are membrane disrupting toxins. Mark all that apply. O Cytokines ✔ Hemolysins…

A: In biology, a membrane is a thin layer which serves as a live cell's or inner cell compartment's…

Q: Shigella, Mycobacterium, and numerous other pathogens have developed mechanisms that prevent them…

A: Pathogens have developed several methods to evade the immune mechanisms of the host. Evasion of the…

Q: Compare and contrast inflammation and infection.

A: Inflammation and infection are two related but distinct biological processes that the body employs…

Q: Which component is released from the active site of an enzyme during a chemical reaction? What is…

A: Introduction  The active site of an enzyme is the region where the substrate binds and undergoes a…

Q: Explain the structure of protective system in detail with necessary diagram ?

A: The mechanism of protection involves placing a barrier between the pathogen and the susceptible part…

Q: Pathogens must enter host cells to cause disease. Explain why or why not.

A: A pathogen can be defined as the organism which has the potential to cause disease to other…

Q: Macrophages and neutrophils both contribute to extracellular pathogen protection. Describe their…

A: DISCLAIMER FOR MULTIPART Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve…

Q: The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a special class of nonspecific cell-derived mediators with…

A: innate system of immunity is the first defense of the body . anti microbial peptides are part of the…

Q: 11) What is the relative speed (slower, faster, the same) of a second response compared to the first…

A: On the epidermis, in body tissues, and in bodily fluids such as blood, the immune system fights…

Q: Distinguish between a primary response and a secondary response to infection.

A: The immune system is responsible for keeping the body away from the infection.

Q: Which of the following is not an example of the physical, mechanical, and chemical barriers at body…

A: Our bodies are always susceptible to attack by a wide variety of foreign invaders/pathogens. Several…

Q: Describe the mechanism of the classical complement pathway and discuss the critical role that the…

A: Introduction :- One of three pathways that activate the complement system, which is part of the…

Q: Explain how each of the following avoids being killed by phagocytes: 1. Salmonella typhimurium 2.…

A: Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infection. They engulf and…

Q: Plz describe

A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins are Y-shaped globular proteins secreted by the plasma…

Q: Homeostasis is essential for health and survival. Describe several ways in which infection may…

A: Homeostasis can be defined as the ability of the body to maintain a steady internal environment.…

Q: Which of the following proteins are part of the first line of defense against microbial invasion?…

A: The immune system in our body is responsible for providing protection against pathogenic…

Q: All of the following are methods intracellular pathogens can use to survive inside a host eell…

A: Pathogens are the organisms which upon entering in to the  host causes infectious diseases.

Q: All of the following are methods intracellular pathogens can use to survive inside a host cell…

A: Pathogens are the organisms which upon entering in to the  host causes infectious diseases.…

Q: Why is the evasion of phagocytosis a type of virulence factor?

A: The chemicals that help the bacteria invade the host at the cellular level are known as virulence…

Q: Match the steps of phagocytosis with the description. Chemotaxis [ Choose ] Binding [ Choose ] […

A: In the living world, we see a large number of microorganisms, animals and plants. These organisms…

Q: Which is an example of chemotaxis? the attachment of phagocytes to a microorganism by binding to…

A: Introduction  A reaction that takes place within an organism with the goal of protecting it from…

Q: neutrophils

A: As per the bartleby guidelines, we have to answer the first 3 options. So I am going check and give…

Q: Which antimicrobial protein triggers inflammation?     Which antimicrobial protein triggers…

A: An antimicrobial protein is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.Inflammation is…

Q: What are two reasons microbes will produce toxins?

A: Introduction :- Toxins produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, protozoa,…

Q: Describe several reasons why phagocytes are not alwayseffective at removing pathogens from the body

A: Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and…

Q: In polymicrobial pulmonary infection, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia secretes a compound which…

A: In the given scenario, we are dealing with a polymicrobial pulmonary infection, which means an…

Q: What is the relationship between antimicrobial and antibiotics?

A: Antibiotics are agents or durgs that is used to treat all type of bacterial infections. While…

Q: Describe the stages which lead to the extravasation of leukocytes during inflammation. In your…

A: Introduction : Leukocytes (White blood cells) are the cellular entities that do not contain a…

Q: _, concentration gradients of microbial substances and inflammatory In the process called mediators…

A: Diapedesis and inflammation are processes that are studied under the domain of immunology.…

Q: From the list below, select all the examples that of defense that ARE NOT considered part of the…

A: Hypersensitive Response: The hypersensitive response (HR) is a plant defense mechanism that involves…

Q: Why is the nervous system vulnerable to microbial invasion?

A: Answer:  Nervous system = This is the part of the vertebrates where it controls the coordination…

Q: Microbial recognition and tissue damage initiate an inflammatory response.  True/False

A: The body is protected from the invasion of foreign antigen by several layers of immune defense…

Q: Describe in chronological order the steps involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to infected…

A: Neutrophils are phagocytic cells of the immune system that destroy the invading pathogens. They…

Q: Describe the mechanisms by which circulating phagocytic cellsare recruited to a site of infection.

A: Phagocytosis is a process by which the cell engulfs the antigen by using its plasma membrane.

Q: Identify physical and chemical barriers to pathogens. Howmight these barriers be compromised?

A: Physical and chemical barriers of the body prevent the entry of opportunistic pathogens into the…

Q: Explain why the type of innate immune response used by the host during an infection is dependent…

A: The ability of an organism to fight against any foreign organism that may try to invade its body, is…

Q: Describe the potential problems that would arise if a personhad an acquired inability to phagocytose…

A: Immunity can be defined as the ability of the organism to resist against infections or diseases by…

Pathogenicity

Infection and Transmission

The infections are generated by the pathogenic organisms present in the environment. They maintain the capacity to invade a host body and establish colonies. A disease caused by such infectious agents is called a communicable disease or transmissible disease. These diseases spread through diverse means including blood, food, water, air, or vectors.