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- Complement proteins function in defense by _______. a. neutralizing toxins b. enhancing resident bacteria c. promoting inflammation d. forming pores that cause pathogens to disintegrate e. both a and b f. both c and dThe antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a special class of nonspecific cell-derived mediators with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Choose the answers below that describe their activity. made in response to an invading pathogen damage cell membranes of invaders utilize antibodies engulf pathogen disrupt intracellular function of pathogenWhich of the following would you anticipate would be secreted through the Type III secretion system during infection? a secondary messenger effector that is unable to cross the host cell membrane, such as the AexT protein that disrupts the host cell cytoskeleton the superantigen TSST that is responsible for the signs and symptoms associated with toxic shock syndrome a pore-forming cytolytic toxin, such as a hemolysin not enough information to determine the AB toxin responsible for the flaccid paralysis associated with botulism
- A patient develops a blood infection with a capsule-producing strain of E. coli. Phagocytosis by macrophage will be essential to destroy the bacteria and resolve the infection. Which of the following will be dirertly required to allow ADCC-opsonization of the encapsulated E. coli: O Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha O Release of C3a to the extracellular fluids O Presence of MHC II on the surface of the macrophage O Presence of IgG receptors (Fc-gamma-R) on the macrophage All of the answers applyAll of the following are methods intracellular pathogens can use to survive inside a host cell EXCEPT create a capsule. Escape the phagosome. survive in the phagolysosome. prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion.Digestion of antibodies with mercaptoethanol yields: Select one: 2 Fab, Fc 2 Fab, and 1 Fc 4 polypeptide chains
- Mannose binding lectins (MBL) and ficolins are the two classes of proteins that can initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation. These proteins are selective for activating complement on the surfaces of microbial pathogens rather than host cells because: Their higher-order oligomeric structure can be assembled only after the monomers first bind to pathogen membranes. They only recruit MASP (MBL-associated serine proteases) proteins when bound to pathogen surfaces and not when bound to host cells. They only undergo the conformational change needed to activate MASP proteins when bound to a pathogen and not when bound to a host cell. They only bind to carbohydrate side chains and oligosaccharide modifications found on pathogen surfaces but not on host cell membranes. The activated MASP proteins are rapidly inactivated by hydrolysis when present on the surface of a host cell.What is the effect of pertussis toxin on G proteins? Inhibits activation of Gαi leading to suppression of adenylyl cyclase. Stimulates activation of Gαi leading to activation of adenylyl cyclase. Stimulates activation of Gαs leading to activation of adenylyl cyclase. Inhibits activation of Gαi leading to activation of adenylyl cyclase.Describe the differences in bacterial endotoxin and bacterial exotoxins with respect to mode of action, signs and symptoms, and body’s response to these toxins. What would you say is the logical reason bacteria make toxins?
- Complement can lead to the formation of the MAC which essentially lyses the target cell. Name another way complement leads to the destruction of the target cell and the molecules involved.Define plakophilin-2).Shigella, Mycobacterium, and numerous other pathogens have developed mechanisms that prevent them from being killed by phagocytes. Suggest 2 or 3 factors that help them avoid destruction by the powerful antiseptics in macrophages Suggest the potential implications that these infected macrophages can have on the development of disease
