Species A, B, and C are related according to the phylogeny below (A,(B,C)).  Species A and C diverged 10,000,000 generations ago, and species B and C diverged 100,000 generations ago. All three species are diploids. The mutation rate in their genomes is 1×10−9 mutations per basepair per generation. A gene found in all three species is 1,000 bp long. 75% of mutations in the gene are deleterious and 0% are beneficial. Use this information to answer the following questions. a)  Species A has 100,000 diploid individuals. How many new mutations arise per basepair per generation in species A? b) What is the gene’s neutral mutation rate per basepair per generation? c)  What is the expected rate of fixation of neutral mutations in the gene? d)  How many neutral substitution do you expect to observe if you compared the gene between species A and C?

Conserved gene order observed in the chromosomes of two distantly related organisms provides evidence of a(n) _____ relationship between genes.

DNA from species A, labeled with 14N and randomly fragmented, is renatured with an equal concentration of DNA from species B, labeled with 15N and randomly fragmented, and then centrifuged to equilibrium in CsCl. 5% of the total renatured DNA has a hybrid density. What fraction of the base sequence is common to the two species?

The phylogentic tree below depicts the evolutionary relationships of the following species A through M.

Researchers studied the effects of artificial selection on largemouth bass. The fish are bred in fisheries to have the desired trait of a high vulnerability rate (HVR) so they are easily caught by human anglers, and then released in artificial ponds and lakes that allow recreational fishing. Within three generations, a fishery can produce a population saturated with members that have the HVR trait in the study. Researchers compared the health of three groups of fish, as measured by the time it took them to recover after exercise: fish with HVR, fish with a low vulnerability rate (LVR), and a control group of wild fish. Each groups' cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume are represented in the graph. 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 Control LV HV Group of Fish Does the practice of artificial selection in fisheries of largemouth bass for a greater frequency of members with HVR affect the variability in their heart rate, and why? No, artificial selection produces fish with the HVR trait…

2c) Is it the case that a phylogeny based on a single gene sequence is usually the same as a phylogeny based on multiple gene sequences?  Which method is more likely to reflect the true evolutionary history of the in group? Why?

Assume that the molecular clock for the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene in Drosophila ticks at a rate of 5 X 10-⁹ substitutions per bp per year. On a volcanic island you find two species of Drosophila, descended from one species that colonized the island sometime after it first rose out of the ocean. You sequence the Adh genes of the two species and find they show 5 synonymous substitutions in 1,000 bp. 2A. What is the rate of divergence between these 2 species of Drosophila? (Hint: Recall that substitutions are happening in both species.) 2B. How long ago did the two species diverge? 2C. How old is the island? Hint: you cannot give an exact age.

What is the major difference in how duplicationshave contributed to the evolution of the genomes ofprokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

When comparing evolutionary similarities between different genes within a gene family, it is usually more straightforward to compare genes by using the protein sequences of gene products rather than DNA sequences of the genes themselves. Explain why this is the case. (Include 4 succinct points at least)

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