Consider the reaction: malate + NAD+ → oxaloacetate + NADH + H+.   Calculate ΔE°’ for the reaction.

Refer to Table to explain why FAD rather than NAD+ is used in the succinate dehydrogenase reaction.

Draw the products of the reaction of xylulose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate catalyzed by transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. H H H OH FO HO-H H-OH H OPO3²- Q transketolase Draw glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate H H- H H H O OH OH OPO3²- Draw fructose-6- phosphate Q I I

Calculate the standard free-energy change, deltaG'o, for the reaction in which acetaldehyde is reduced by the biological electron carrier NADH in the reaction acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ → ethanol + NAD+. Then calculate the actual free-energy change, deltaG, when the acetaldehyde is 1.51 M, the NADH is 1.02 M, the ethanol is 0.13 M and the NAD+ is 0.19 M, at 33.35oC and pH = 7. Give the actual free-energy change in kJ/mol to one decimal place. See Table 13-7b for the E'o values.

Write out the full redox reaction that happens when both of these reactions are added to the same reaction where there is 1M concentrations of each reactant and products, pH7, and temeprature is 290K. Identify which compounds will be reduced and which compounds will be oxidized.   redox reaction 1:  Pyruvate¯ + 2H+ + 2e¯ → lactate¯   E'o(V) = -0.185 redox reaction 2: NAD+ + H+ + 2e¯ → NADH  E'o(V) = -0.320

Under standard conditions, will the following reactions proceed spontaneously as written? (1) Fumarate + NADH + H+ (2) succinate + NAD+ Cyto a (Fe²+) + cyto b (Fe³+) = cyto a (Fe³+) + cyto 6 (Fe²+) b

All dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle use NAD* (E° for NAD*/NADH is -0.32V) as electron acceptor except succinate dehydrogenase (which uses FAD (E° for FAD/FADH2 is 0.05V). Based on AG° = -NFEº, show and state (1-2 sentences) why is FAD a more appropriate electron acceptor than NAD* in the dehydrogenation of succinate (consider the E° values of %3D Uptake in Na+ Vmax Uptake in absence of Na+ Vmax substrate K: (mM) Kt (mM) L-leucine 420 0.24 23 0.2 D-Leucine 310 4.7 5 4.7 L-valine 225 0.31 19 0.31 fumarate/succinate (E° = 0.031), NAD*/NADH, and the succinate dehydrogenase FAD/FADH2).

[AktivGrid] Draw the product of the reaction of isocitrate catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase in the TCA (citric acid) cycle. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. 9 H-C-OH 800- -H CH₂ ° Coo of NAD+ dehydrogen isocitrate ase NADH, H*, Drawing CO2

Consider the following redox reaction: lactate + NAD = pyruvate + NADH + H+ The relevant reductive half reactions are as follows: pyruvate + 2e + 2H+ lactate NAD+ + 2e+ H* = NADH E' -0.185 V = E' -0.320 V What is the AE' of the redox reaction? -0.505 V -0.135 V 0.135 V ○ 0.505 V

Write a balanced equation for the complete metabolic oxidation of each of the following. Include O, ADP, and P; as reactants and ATP, CO, and H;0 as products. (a) Stearic acid (b) Oleic acid (c) Palmitic acid (d) Linoleic acid