Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a disease characterized by an enlarged adrenal gland, aldosterone and cortisol deficiency, and excess testosterone production. In humans, congenital adrenal hyperplasia occurs at a frequency of 41 in 5000 births, and is one of the most common inborn errors of metabolism. This disease results from a deficiency in one of the enzymes involved in steroidogenesis. Approximately 95% of the affected cases have been reported to be due to a defect only in the P-450(C21) gene coding for the enzyme 21 hydroxylase (Higashi et al. 1986). Higashi et al. (1986) found that three critical mutations were found in one of the two genes coding for 21-hydroxylase to render the gene nonfunctional. The following is a partial DNA sequence from one of the 21-hydroxylase genes where one of the three most common mutations occurs. For the following piece of normal DNA from the 21-hydroxylase gene, fill in the corresponding mRNA codons, and amino acids, and then do the same for the mutatec sequence below it. See Fig. 4-17 in Silverthorn for the genetic code. normal DNA sequence CTC

describe differences between Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease.  Keep in mind that the most important aspect here is understanding the organs and hormones that are involved.

after some research, i concluded the final diagnosis is due to rickets, for differential diagnosis, i want to speak about; primary hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, osteomalacia, and rickets. what I'm struggling with is i want to explain why the underlying biochemistry and cellular pathology of the diseases. and explain WHY there is a difference between these diseases and how the analytes and potential explains it

Which is a result of consuming a diet deficient in iodine? Group of answer choices low plasma concentration of thyroid hormones due to reduced secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the pituitary gland low plasma concentration of thyroid hormones and an enlarged thyroid gland high plasma concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) due to a deficiency of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) high plasma concentration of thyroid hormones due to increased secretion of TSH by the pituitary gland low plasma concentration of thyroid hormones and atrophy of the thyroid gland due to reduced concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Explain the actions of two hormones of the islets of Langerhans on the level of glucose in the blood. What is the consequence of insulin insufficiency or insensitivity as in the disease diabetes mellitus?

What data would indicate a positive clinical response after administration of corticosteroid hormones prescribed for the treatment of Addison’s disease?

At a routine employment physical, a 30-year-old man is found to be mildly hypocalcemic, although he denies any symptoms. He does reveal that he has markedly reduced his consumption of dairy products and leafy greens over the past two months, citing gastrointestinal distress when these items were previously consumed. Analysis of his blood or an intestinal biopsy would be expected to reveal which of the following? Group of answer choices Increased parathyroid hormone secretion Increased formation of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol Decreased amounts of calcium-binding protein in intestinal epithelial cells Increased plasma phosphate

provide a summarization of the following paragraph(s) in bullet points  Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Years Female aging is associated with genetically determineddeclining DHEAS and T (Fig. 2) (9, 10, 15, 16). In parallel, sexual desire declines with age (17, 18). Decreased sexual desire with ‘‘reverse adrenarche’’has long been associated with clinical disruptions (Table 2) of endogenous androgen decline. Examples include oophorectomy, oral estrogen therapy, adrenal insufficiency, corticosteroid adrenal suppression, and hypopituitarism (19–21). Aging afflicts sexual endocrinology in other ways. Engagement in a secure and attractive relationship, a safe place, good health, and no drugs remain as core issues. Declining estrogens. Estradiol secretion, chaotic during peri- menopausal years, declines to very low levels after menopause. Estrogen withdrawal increases tissue fragility, increases vaginal and urinary infections, irritation, dryness, urogenital pain, and susceptibility to…

153. A 68-year-old woman has been hospitalized for 2 weeks because of severe pneumonia complicated by septicemia and respiratory failure. She has a long-standing history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and a family history of chronic autoimmune (Hashimoto) thyroiditis. Her serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations are below the reference ranges, and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and free T4 concentrations are within the reference ranges. Which of the following best explains these findings? A) Antithyroid antibodies B) Euthyroid sick syndrome C) Hypothyroidism D) Increased serum T binding globulin concentration E) lodine deficiency

Opioids cross the placental barrier, and a newborn of opioid-dependent mother will undergo withdrawal within 6-12 hours of birth.  The long-term consequences of prenatal opioid dependence are poorly understood, but it may be best practice to maintain the mother on methadone and treat the infant with opioid rather than withdraw the mother before child delivery. Give some examples of drugs that can be used to reverse withdrawal and which medications can be used for opioid dependence treatment?