HbA1c is used to monitor blood glucose levels because hemoglobin is the only protein in blood that is covalently modified by glucose. True False
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HbA1c is used to monitor blood glucose levels because hemoglobin is the only protein in blood that is covalently modified by glucose.
True
False
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Insulin Glargine is a long-acting form of insulin that is synthesized with several D-amino acids that slow its proteolytic degradation and extend the half-life of the insulin Glargine molecule.
True
False
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- Select all that is correct. 1) C-peptide is not present in mature insulin. 2) The insulin produced by rDNA technology has C-peptide. 3) The pro-insulin has C-peptide. 4) A-peptide and B-peptide of insulin are interconnected by disulphide bridges.Novolog differs from "normal" insulin in that: Select one: a. An aspartic acid has been substituted for proline at B28 b. The proline at B28 and the lysine at B29 have been reversed c. A glycine has been substituten in at A21, and two new arginines have been added as B31 and B32 d. A "C-peptide" chain has been added e. The usual insulin molecule has been combined with zinc isophaneWhy is there a distinction of c2c12 cells with and without insulin?
- The Gq-protein and phospholipase C pathway are responsible for stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. What effect would an agonist or an antagonist have on gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?Describe one mechanism that leads to continued gluconeogenesis in the liver of T1DM patients, despite already high levels of glucose in the bloodstream.Explain using 2-3 sentences the biological significance of the following peptides . Glucagon Insulin Glutathione Ceruloplasmin Oxytocin
- Insulin resistance, as occurs in type 2 diabetes, may lead to increased ketone production and release into blood. Describe the biochemistry that links insulin resistance and ketone production. Compare the cellular energy (e.g. ATP) required and produced when glycogen is synthesize and hydrolyzed, respectively. Compare and contrast the mechanism of fatty acid synthase with translation. When young rats are placed on a totally fat acid free diet, they grow poorly, develop a scaly dermatitis, lose hair, and soon die these symptoms that can be prevented if plant material is included in the diet. Why?Which of the following is an expected effect of HIF-1 regulated release of VEGF? Group of answer choices decreased reliance on oxygen for ATP production increased blood supply to hypoxic regions of tissues increased lactate production increased ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation Which of these is LEAST likely to be present at higher levels as a result of stabilization of HIF-1? Group of answer choices citrate hexokinase lactate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase kinaseAn individu with chronic hypoglycemia was suspected of having a defect in one of the enzymes unique to gluconeogenesis. To identify the defective enzyme, tissue samples from a normal liver were compared to samples from the patient's liver biopsy, using a biochemical assay that measures glucose production from glycerol or malate. It was found that incubation with glycerol produced normal amounts of glucose in both the control and biopsied liver samples; however, incubation with malate did not lead to glucose production in the liver biopsy, even though it did lead to glucose production in the control liver sample. Based on these observations, which of the 4 unique gluconeogenesis enzymes is most likely defective in the individual? Consider each enzyme and explain your choice, including why you ruled out enzymes that you did not choose. To answer this question, review how glycerol enters gluconeogenesis (figure 9.48) and how citrate cycle metabolites are transported in and out of the…
- The activated form of glucose that serves as glucose donor for glycogen synthesis is formed by the reaction of UTP and glucose 6-phosphate. True FalseIn acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the cancerous white blood cells typically lack the enzyme asparagine synthetase. Why is the administration of asparaginase an eff ective therapy for this type of cancer?Discuss the mechanism of action of insulin in maintaining the homeostasis of blood sugar in a normal human body.