certain inhaled anesthetic agents are thought to open chlorine ion channels in the membranes of postsynaptic neurons in the brain, an effect that causes IPSPs. why might this action put a person "to sleep" during anesthesia?
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certain inhaled anesthetic agents are thought to open chlorine ion channels in the membranes of postsynaptic neurons in the brain, an effect that causes IPSPs. why might this action put a person "to sleep" during anesthesia?
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- During a surgical procedure, an anesthesiologist administers to the patient an inhaled anesthetic agent that opens Cl- channels in the postsynaptic membranes of neurons of the brain. Explain why this would put the patient “to sleep” for the duration of the surgical procedure.Malathion is an insecticide commonly used in the horticultural industry. Many homeowners apply this chemical to their trees to rid them of infestation by aphids or other insects. Malathion is classified as an organophosphate insecticide. Exposure to malathion is very dangerous to humans and animals because it acts as an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Predict what might happen to synaptic communication between cholinergic neurons if an individual or animal was poisoned with malathion, and clearly describe the mechanisms at work.Depression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?
- Ethosuximide is a drug used to treat epilepsy, particularly absence seizures. It blocks ion channels found specifically in the dendrites. How would this help prevent seizures? What would be the advantage of ethosuxamide over a less targeted drug that affected all neuronal ion channels?the bacterium clostridium tetani produce a toxin called tetanospasmin, the causative agent os the disease tetanus. the toxin prevents the release of inhibitory transmitters in the CNS and so blocks the resulting IPSPs they would normally generate. what are some of the functions of inhibitory synapses? considering this what symptoms would you expect from the disease tetanus, and why? ( hint: imagine trying to stand up if all of the muscles in your lower limb contracted at the same time.)Phenytoin (sodium channel blocker) and ethosuximide (calcium channel blocker) are anti-seizure drugs that stop seizures from happening. These drugs work by inhibiting electrical impulses (action potentials) from occurring. Explain the importance of sodium and calcium channels on a neuron and the reasons why action potentials do not occur when these channels are inhibited. Thank you
- A patient has been exposed to the organophosphate pesticide malathion,which inactivates acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following symptoms would you predict: blurring of vision, excess tear formation, frequent or involuntary urination, pallor (pale skin), muscle twitching, orcramps? Would atropine be an effective drug to treat the symptoms?(See Clinical Impact 16.2 for the action of atropine.) Explain.In the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, there are two cholinergic synapses (synapses mediated by acetylcholine) on the way to the target tissue. The first synapse is in the autonomic ganglion (from the "preganglionic neuron"), and is always mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NACHRS). The second synapse (from the "postganglionic neuron") is on the target cell, and is mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). B. One of these synapses produces a long-lasting hyperpolarization of its target cell. Which synapse, and why?As dopamine neurotransmitters are also responsible for producing feelings of euphoria (pleasure), many people affected with Parkinson's disease suffer from depression. A common treatment for Parkinson's is Levodopa, a chemical that turns into dopamine when it passes into the brain. From what you have learned about synapses, explain if people being treated with Levodopa for Parkinson's symptoms would require additional treatment for depression?
- In the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, there are two cholinergic synapses (synapses mediated by acetylcholine) on the way to the target tissue. The first synapse is in the autonomic ganglion (from the "preganglionic neuron"), and is always mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NACHRS). The second synapse (from the "postganglionic neuron") is on the target cell, and is mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). C. Which synapse is expected to be blocked by removal of Ca2+ from the external solution?In the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, there are two cholinergic synapses (synapses mediated by acetylcholine) on the way to the target tissue. The first synapse is in the autonomic ganglion (from the "preganglionic neuron"), and is always mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NACHRS). The second synapse (from the "postganglionic neuron") is on the target cell, and is mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). A. Which of these synapses is expected to always produce a rapid depolarization of the postsynaptic cell? Explain your answer.Which of the following muscarinic receptors would cause hyperpolarization when activated? Muscarinic receptor of sweat glands Muscarinic receptor of the heart Muscarinic receptor of airway smooth muscle O Muscarinic receptor of adrenal glands