Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, several simultaneous pinches at nearby locations did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what?A. Temporal summationB. Spatial summationC. Inhibitory synapsesD. Refractory period
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Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, several simultaneous pinches at nearby locations did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what?
A. Temporal summation
B. Spatial summation
C. Inhibitory synapses
D. Refractory period
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- Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, a rapid sequence of pinches did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what?A. Temporal summationB. Spatial summationC. Inhibitory synapsesD. Refractory periodWhen a vigorous pinch excited a dog’s flexor muscle, it decreased excitation of the extensor muscles of the same leg. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what? a. Temporal summation b. Spatial summation c. Inhibitory synapsesWhat evidence led Sherrington to conclude that transmission at a synapse is different from transmission along an axon? a. Chemicals that alter a synapse are different from those that affect action potentials. b. The velocity of a reflex is slower than the velocity of an action potential. c. Stains and microscopic observations demonstrate a gap at the synapse. d. Reflexes can go in either direction, whereas axons transmit in only one direction.
- What evidence led Lashley to draw his conclusions of equipotentiality and mass action? a. Learning depends on changes at synapses using all types of neurotransmitters. b. Electrical stimulation of the brain can produce either reward or punishment, depending on the intensity of stimulation. c. EEG studies show activation throughout the brain during an experiment on learning. d. Impairment of learning depended on the amount of cortical damage rather than the location.Which brain region involved in action control is incorrectly paired with its function? a. Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) - Plans and coordinates internal thoughts and external actions b. Cerebellum - Motor learning, monitor action online, coordinates the timing and trajectory of movement c. Frontal Eye Fields (FEF) - Execution of voluntary eye movements d. Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) - Responds to observed and self-enacted actionIf an excitatory synapse and inhibitory synapse generate postsynaptic potentials on the same neuron what can happen? a. The generated potentials will sum up to make a larger postsynaptic potential. b. Nothing will happen, because inhibitory neurons will not form synapses on the same neurons as excitatory neurons. c. The postsynaptic potential generated by the inhibitory synapse will shunt the excitatory synapse, leading to a reduction in the postsynaptic potential. d. None of the above
- Suppose you want to cause the presynaptic terminal of an axon to release its transmitter. How could you do so without an action potential?A. Decrease the temperature at the synapse.B. Use an electrode to produce IPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron.C. Inject water into the presynaptic terminal.D. Inject calcium into the presynaptic terminal.Use this illustration to place these events in the order they occur during synaptic communication: Column A Column B a. Voltage gated sodium channels carry the action potential to the synapse by allowing the influx of sodium ions. 1. 1 2 b. An increase in calcium levels triggers vesicle release. 3. 3 c. Sodium enters the post-synaptic cell, causing it to depolarize. 4. 4 d. Sodium influx at the synapse activates voltage gated 5. calcium channels which allow calcium ions to enter the presynaptic neuron. 6. 6. e. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. f. Ligand-gated ion channels are opened by the neurotransmitters. 2.An association nucleus of the thalamus is one that receives input from several different sources and projects to widespread cortical regions that are not specifical nuclei fits these criteria? a. Ventral posteriolateral b. Mediodorsal c. Lateral geniculate d. Ventral lateral
- What statement about synapse activity is false? A.The input of sodium ions by AMPA receptors is triggered by glutamate binding to the same receptors.B.Calcium entering the dendritic spine during synaptic transmission activates proteins that can potentiate synapse.C.Depolarization of the membrane caused by the arrival of calcium ions makes it possible to eject sodium blocking NMDA receptors.D.Glutamate can be released by the pre-synaptic button following the arrival of an action potential via the axon.How well did Sherrington’s inferences about synapses harmonize with Cajal’s conclusions about the anatomy of neurons?A. The two conclusions supported each other.B. Sherrington’s conclusions were incompatible with Cajal’s conclusions.C. The two conclusions were irrelevant to each other.In the hippocampus, when glutatmate is released into the synaptic cleft, but the postsynaptic cell is NOT depolarized, there is only a small postsynaptic response. Why is this the case? A. Ca++ ions block the NMDA ion channel B. Mg++ ions block the NMDA ion channel C. Glutamate is an inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter D. There are no NMDA receptors on the postsynaptic cell