Q: Acetylcholine is released by from the synaptic cleft at a postganglionic neurons and is removed rate…
A: Answer :- Option (B) is correct. - Acetylcholine is released by parasympathetic phostganglionic…
Q: Identify the differences between the somatic and autonomicnervous systems.
A: The sensory nervous system can be defined as the part of the nervous system which is responsible for…
Q: In the CNS, myelin is produced by glial cells called ___________ .
A: Myelin is an insulating layer or sheath that surrounds the nerves and it is produced by specialized…
Q: Chemical transmitters in basal ganglia include all the following, except :-a- GABAb- Dopaminec-…
A: Chemical transmitters are also called neurotransmitters. These are the group of chemical agents and…
Q: ____________ is a neuromodulator that blocks the conduction of pain signals by second-order spinal…
A: Neuromodulators are substances that do not directly activate ion-channel receptors but that, acting…
Q: why do some students like to study in a busy coffee house? How is this related to the reticular…
A: Student may think that the noise of the people can you distract you and leads their study in…
Q: Name the neurotransmitter released at each synapse orneuroeffector junction in the somatic and…
A: The nervous system is one of the vital systems of a body. It is a system of nerves which carry…
Q: What is the target of an upper motor neuron?a. cerebral cortexb. lower motor neuronc. skeletal…
A: The brain is the main part of the body that controls every action in our body. It is located in the…
Q: Certain postganglionic neurons cause the pupil of the eye to constrict by releasing what chemical…
A: Post-ganglionic nerve fibres are the nerve fibres that stretch from the ganglion to the effector…
Q: Describe how sleep and wakefulness are related to the reticular activating system (RAS).
A: The reticular activating system(RAS) is considered a network of neurons in the brain stem that…
Q: Efferent neurons of the Multiple Choice ANS innervate skeletal muscle. somatic motor nerves…
A: Efferent neurons are motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system…
Q: Functions of basal ganglia include all the following, except :-a- planning and programming of…
A: The group of the subcortical nuclei of a different region in the brain of vertebrates (human)…
Q: Classify the following neurotransmitters as excitatory or inhibitory: Acetylcholine Serotonin…
A: Neurotransmitters are secondary chemicals used by the neurons use to communicate with one another…
Q: Which of the following chemicals acts at serotonin synapses? A serotonin MDMA C SSRI antidepressants…
A: Serotonin is an important hormone that is responsible for producing feelings of happiness and…
Q: Name the types of autonomic synapse in terms of neurotransmitter used; are they excitoratory,…
A: The neural system acts as a control system that consists of highly specialized cells known as…
Q: Outline the major chemical steps responsible for long-term potentiation.
A: Long-term potentiation is a neural process in which the signals between neurons become stronger with…
Q: Fluoxetine is anantidepressant drug thatpresents an action mechanismrelated to the…
A: Fluoxetin is an antidepressant of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor(SSRI) class.It is sold…
Q: Which of the following describes a sympathetic postganglionicaxon?a. long, unmyelinated axonb.…
A: Answer: Introduction: Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers bend to and synapse with the…
Q: The area of the brain that is involved in balance and fine-tuning movements is the…
A: The brain consists of 3 parts cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem.
Q: Muscarinic receptors binda. epinephrine.b. norepinephrine.c. acetylcholine.d. cholinesterase.e.…
A: Receptors are proteins generally cell surface receptors. These bind to ligands and generate a…
Q: Describe the types of adrenergic receptors and theirsubtypes.
A: Answer: Introduction: The adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors means a class of G protein -coupled…
Q: What are alpha-adrenergic receptors (alpha-adrenoceptors)?
A: Receptors are proteins or glycoproteins that tie signaling molecules known as a first messenger, or…
Q: Huntington’s disease is characterized by a loss of normal inhibition mediated by the basal nuclei.…
A: Huntington’s disease is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that causes the accumulation of…
Q: The striatum is a structure within the basal ganglia. The striatum is comprised mostly of medium…
A: The striatum, consisting of the ventrally located nucleus accumbens (NAc) and dorsal caudate putamen…
Q: List two autonomic responses that are controlled by nuclei in the hypothalamus.
A: The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that contains nuclei to perform a variety of functions.
Q: Which of the following is associated with pain relief? a. acetylcholine c. serotonin b. glutamate d.…
A: Introduction: The term pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual…
Q: Basal ganglia include all the following, except :-a- caudate nucleusb- dentate nucleusc- subthalamic…
A: The brain of the vertebrates is known to be occupied by the group of subcortical nuclei, arising…
Q: Cell bodies of afferent neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia
A:
Q: Parkinson's Disease develops due to a loss of neurons in the ,which results in dysfunction within…
A: Ans : Parkinson's Disease develops due to a loss of substantia nigra neurons, which results in…
Q: What kinds of neurons (sympathetic or parasympathetic, preganglionic or postganglionic) are found in…
A: Cranial nerve nuclei_ Sympathetic preganglionic…
Q: Short-term memory, like remembering a phone number, is stored as a Long Term Potentiation (LTP) of…
A: LTP is a long-term potentiation of the synapse. It means that on following the high-frequency…
Q: Describe a synaptic mechanism underlying the formation of memory.
A: Synaptic transmission allows neurons to interact with any type of cell that expresses receptors for…
Q: The central nervous system is connected with the peripheral nervous system by all the following…
A: Central nervous system is the nervous tissue that is aimed at controlling the activities of the…
Q: Explain the anatomy and function of the reticular activating system (RAS).
A: The brain is the most complex organ of the body that forms the part of the central nervous…
Q: Which of the following muscarinic receptors would cause hyperpolarization when activated? O…
A: Muscarinic receptors are G-coupled macromolecule receptors concerned within the parasympathetic…
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A: Nervous system can be divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. The…
Q: What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscularjunction?a. norepinephrineb. serotoninc.…
A: Neuromuscular junction, also known as myoneural junction refers to the chemical synapse between the…
Q: certain inhaled anesthetic agents are thought to open chlorine ion channels in the membranes of…
A: At the synapse, the firing of an action potential in one neuron, i.e., the presynaptic neuron,…
Q: Which of the following describes the disinhibition in the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?…
A: The major structures that compose the basal ganglia are: Striatum (Str): Includes the caudate…
Q: Could you explain to me the saltatory conduction. I don't get what the Na+ and K+ do?
A: An action potential can be defined as a swift rise and succeeding fall in the membrane potential or…
The reticular activating system is stimulated by all the following, except :-
a- epinephrine
b- serotonin
c- acetylcholine
d- norepinephrine
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- The following diagram represents a typical serotonergic synapse. Where, specifically, do antidepressants work (e.g. SSRI)? Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter transporter Аxon Synaptic vesicle terminal Voltage- gated Ca?+ channel Synaptic cleft Receptor Postsynaptic density Dendrite Neurotransmitter Synaptic Vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter (aka Reuptake transporter) Receptor O All of the aboveClassify the following neurotransmitters as excitatory or inhibitory: Acetylcholine Serotonin GABA Norepinephrine Glutamate DopamineWhat type of synaptic potential (if any; be sure to indicate if any modification is occurring as well) would occur if: a.) An MAO inhibitor type of antidepressant is functioning at an active dopaminergic synapse that increases the rate of sodium flowing into the cell. b.) Prozac is present at an active serotonin synapse where receptor activation increases the flow of potassium out of the cell.
- There are a broad range of anti-epileptic medications currently on the market, with different therapies prescribed for different types and severities of the condition. Given what you have learned about synaptic transmission, which of the following could be a potential therapeutic approach to prevent the spreading of neuronal excitation? (3 correct answers, select all that apply) O A voltage-gated calcium channel blocker/inhibitor selective to glutamate-releasing neurons. O A voltage-gated calcium channel blocker/inhibitor selective to GABA-releasing neurons. O A glutamate receptor blocker (antagonist). O A GABA receptor antagonist. O A glutamate reuptake inhibitor. O A GABA reuptake inhibitor.Spastic paralysis (resulting from the failure of muscles to relax), induced by the neurotoxin strychnine, occurs when this poison blocks the binding of: the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine to post-synaptic sodium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to post-synaptic calcium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter serotonin to post-synaptic potassium channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to post-synaptic chloride channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter melatonin to post-synaptic bicarbonate channelsIn cholinergic neurotransmission, inhibition of the choline transporter will affect the normal synthesis and release acetylcholineTRUE OR FALSE
- The therapeutic effect of Aricept (generic donepezil) is due toA: binding of the drug to voltage-gated sodium channels.C: the drug producing an IPSP on the postsynaptic membrane.D: the drug causing the reuptake of acetylcholine at the synapse.E: the drug maintaining higher concentrations of acetylcholine at synapseNervous system functions that directly employ acetylcholine neurotransmitters are referred to as cholinergic. Drugs that might be therapeutic in treating the symptoms of dopamine loss in Parkinson’s disease could include multiple choice 1 dopaminergic agonists and cholinergic antagonists. dopaminergic antagonists and cholinergic antagonists. dopaminergic antagonists and cholinergic agonists. dopaminergic agonists and cholinergic agonists. 2. From the information provided, drugs used to treat Parkinson’s disease symptoms will act at which location? multiple choice 2 The globus pallidus The substantia nigra The striatum 3. Which of the following might be therapeutic in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms? multiple choice 3 all of these choices listed may be therapeutic increasing dopamine receptor responsiveness monoamine oxidase inhibition increasing dopamine release decreasing dopamine…Fentanyl is an opioid similar to morphine, except, according to the CDC, it is up to 50 times stronger than heroin and 100 times stronger than morphine. Discuss the effects of fentanyl on specific receptors and how the transmission of action potentials is altered. Be sure to focus only on how the action potential transmission is impacted by the drug. Be sure to provide an APA citation.
- Describe how neurotransmission occurs across a chemical synapse, using acetylcholine as an example.A patient has been exposed to the organophosphate pesticide malathion,which inactivates acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following symptoms would you predict: blurring of vision, excess tear formation, frequent or involuntary urination, pallor (pale skin), muscle twitching, orcramps? Would atropine be an effective drug to treat the symptoms?(See Clinical Impact 16.2 for the action of atropine.) Explain.the bacterium clostridium tetani produce a toxin called tetanospasmin, the causative agent os the disease tetanus. the toxin prevents the release of inhibitory transmitters in the CNS and so blocks the resulting IPSPs they would normally generate. what are some of the functions of inhibitory synapses? considering this what symptoms would you expect from the disease tetanus, and why? ( hint: imagine trying to stand up if all of the muscles in your lower limb contracted at the same time.)