What happens in the reception phase of cell signaling when protein signal molecules are present? Signal molecules induce a change in membrane proteins that activates other proteins within the cell. Protein signal molecules outside the cell diffuse through the phospholipids in the cell membrane. A cell reacts to the message from signal molecules by initiating changes in shape, activity, or behavior. Specialized cell surface proteins bind to specific protein signal molecules outside the cell.

What happens in the reception phase of cell signaling when protein signal molecules are present? Signal molecules induce a change in membrane proteins that activates other proteins within the cell. Protein signal molecules outside the cell diffuse through the phospholipids in the cell membrane. A cell reacts to the message from signal molecules by initiating changes in shape, activity, or behavior. Specialized cell surface proteins bind to specific protein signal molecules outside the cell.

Human Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305112100

Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Chapter15: The Endocrine System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1SQ: __________ are molecules released from a signaling cell that have effects on target cells. a....

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When a signaling molecule binds to a receptor located in the cell membrane, the signal / information is carried further into the cell via the receptor. The signal / information will lead to some type of change inside in cells in response to the signal it received. What this change is depends on the type of signaling molecule that binds to the cell (but may also depend on the type of cell that the signaling molecule binds to). In some cases, the change that takes place in the cell will be rapid and take a few seconds off that the signaling molecule binds to the receptor until the change takes place (fast signaling pathway). In some cases the change will take much longer, perhaps several hours from the time the signaling molecule binds to the receptor until the change occurs in the cell (slow signaling pathway). Explain how the signal path would be be able to look when it is fast and what it could look like when it is slow.
Which of the following is most likely an example of signaling through a transmembrane receptor? The influenza virus recognizes specific proteins on the surface of host cells, causing the entrance of genetic materials into the cytoplasm of the host cells. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) bind to receptor proteins found on the membrane of receiving cells, triggering its internalization into the receiving cells. The binding of interleukin-6 (IL-6) to the interleukin-6 receptor causes the activation of protein kinases in the cytoplasm, activating the transcription factor NF-κB. The binding of aldosterone to the aldosterone receptor activates its transcription activity, leading to the transcription of genes that promote the uptake of ions and water.
Which is true about signaling receptors? They are transmembrane proteins that have binding sites for extracellular activated proteinsto effect changes inside the cell. They are transmembrane proteins that have binding sites for extracellular DNA-binding proteins to effect changes inside the cell. They are transmembrane proteins that have binding sites for extracellular enzyme effectors to effect changes inside the cell. They are transmembrane proteins that have binding sites for extracellular messengers to effect changes inside the cell.
A cell expresses a transmembrane protein that is cleaved at the plasma membrane to release an extracellular fragment. The fragment binds to receptor proteins on nearby cells and activates signaling pathways resulting in altered gene expression patterns in the cells. What form of intercellular signaling does this represent? Contact-dependent? Paracrine? Synaptic? Endocrine? Autocrine?
When signals bind to the protein receptors, it depends if the receptor is found on the nuclear or cell membrane. genes are turned on or off. gates open up and then there is a cellular response, such as an action potential. the receptor changes its shape in order to bind the signal and to function.
Which of the following statements about cell signaling is true? Only cells in direct contact can signal each other. Many different cell types may respond to a single type of signaling molecule. Cell signaling is limited to eukaryotic species. A single receptor type can bind and respond to a wide variety of different hormones.
Which of the following could result in the continuous activation of a cell signalling pathway? A mutation resulting in the inactivation of a protein phosphatase. A mutation resulting in the inactivation of adenylyl cyclase that forms cAMP. A mutation resulting in a receptor tyrosine kinase being unable to form a dimer. A mutation resulting in a ligand gated ion channel being unable to open.
Which of the following is the best description of how a G protein coupled receptor responds to a ligand binding? O Binding of ligand to the receptor causes the G protein to swap out GTP for GDP Binding of ligand to the receptor causes the G proteins to dimerize and trigger cross-phosphorylation Binding of ligand to the receptor causes the G protein to become activated, then the G protein travels through the plasma membrane to activate an enzyme Binding of ligand to the G protein triggers it to swap out GDP for GTP, causing it to become activated OOO O
The step(s) involved in cell signaling are: Signaling cell synthesizes and secretes a signaling molecule The signaling molecule binds to a receptor of the target cell O Extracellular signal is converted into O intracellular signal followed by the response All of the above
A cell within organ A expresses a protein that is secreted from the cell and travels through the organism’s blood stream to a cell on a distant organ B. The protein binds to a receptor protein on the cell surface of organ B and activates an intracellular signaling pathway resulting in altered gene expression patterns in the cells. What form of intercellular signaling does this represent? Contact-dependent? Paracrine? Synaptic? Endocrine? Autocrine?
In terms of cell communication, compare and contrast the action of hydrophilic versus hydrophobic ligands (signaling molecules). What type of receptor is used by these ligands? How does each type of ligand influence cell activity?
Signaling within organisms can occur using action potentials (short-term signaling) and/or hormones (long-term signaling). Identify situations where each type of signaling would be better. Describe why having a long-term signaling system is beneficial to organisms (2-3 sentences).