* 00 65 The genomes of DNA viruses can be relatively small (~5,000 nucleotides) but can also be quite large (greater than 2 million nucleotides). In contrast, the largest known genome of any RNA virus is only ~35,000 nucleotides but most are < 10,000 nucleotides. What is the primary reason to explain why the genome sizes of RNA viruses are so constrained in size relative to DNA viruses? Edit View Insert Format Tools Table A xd0 Paragraph v U AV B. へzl Because the mutation rate in viruses are abudnent, the bigger the virion the more likely it is for a bigger virus to have more mutation. Thus, rna viruses are usually small in size. 31 8. EE O 8: & 09 6

Recombination is a major mechanism by which coronaviruses (and other viruses) evolve, which must be taken into account when trying to identify their sources. Recombination between two parental, viral genomes (present in the same cell) can create a new viral genome comprised of regions derived from one or the other parent, very similarly to recombination taking place during meiosis of eukaryotes. Viral genomes also show “recombination hotspots” that are similar to their equivalents in eukaryotic genomes. Consider the following set of viral genomes, and of recombinant genomes derived from those parents (color is used to distinguish sequence variants found in the parents, and the x axis shows position in the linear genome, from base 0 to base 30,000).  Which genome regions appear to contain a recombination hotspot? Select all that apply Group of answer choices 1 2 4 5 3

OO HUAWEI Nova 2 Plus DUAL CAMERA The mammalian genome is compacted in a structure Answer: Now that we are all locked in our homes as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, what is this virus made out of and what technique they are using to check for the presence or absence of infection? Select one: O a. The corona virus is made out of RNA encapsulated in a protein capsid, it is detected by real time PCR O b. The corona virus is made out of DNA encapsulated in a protein capsid, it is detected by gel conventional PCR O C. The corona virus is made out of RNA encapsulated in a protein capsid, it is detected by gel electrophoresis d. The corona virus is made out of protein encapsulated in an RNA capsid, it is detected by real time PCR O e. The corona virus is made out of CDNA encapsulated in a protein capsid, it is detected by real time PCR NEXT PAGE

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3) It is now 2085 and the world is experiencing another pandemic viral infection. The scientist that discovers the virus, purifies out the genetic information and learns that it has a sequence that is: 26% Cytosine 21% Adenine 28% Uracil and 25% Guanine What sort of genetic information does this new virus have? DNA or RNA? Single or Double Stranded? Explain how you know!

You identify a new bacterial species in the koi pond between the Curry Student Center and Robinson Hall and decide to name it NE koili. You analyze the genome sequence of NE koili and find that the NE koili genome contains cas genes and pieces of various bacteriophage genomes separated by unique repeats. You roommate is baffled by this observation. Having covered this topic in BIOL2299, explain to your roommate why there are pieces of phage DNA in a bacterial genome. In your answer, include the role of cas nuclease.

Restriction endonucleases are bacterial enzymes that cleave duplex (double-stranded) DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. The mode of replication of the animal virus SV40 has been investigated by using restriction endonucleases that cleave SV40 DNA into a number of unique segments. Like most viruses, SV40 DNA is circular. The map positions of the 11 fragments produced by a pair of restriction endonucleases are shown on the next page. Immediately following a 5 or 10 minute pulse of radioactively labeled thymidine, labeled SV40 molecules that have completed replication during the pulse are isolated. These newly replicated DNA molecules are digested by the restriction endonucleases and the resulting fragments are analyzed for the relative amounts of pulse label they contain. The results are in the table below. Assume that at the time the label was added there was a random population of replicating SV40 DNA molecules in all possible stages of synthesis. From the information given below,…

What does it mean for viral DNA to program cells? explain in your own words as simply as possible.

Genome for C. diphtheriae have about 2,500,000 nucleotides, 87% of them are coding. This ingle circular chromosome contains 2,389 genes from which 2,272 proteins are coded. It does not contain any plasmids. The genome contains Pathogenicity Islands (PAIs), which C. diphtheriae has 13.  What is a PAI and what are their characteristics?

This is a multiple answers question. Which statement is true about CRISPR-Cas system? CRISPRS stand for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats Both bacteria and archaea can protect themselves from viral infection by using this system. Cas protein and short RNA form a complex The CRISPR region of DNA contains DNAS from previous infection by phages. Cas protein cuts target foreign DNA in pieces. The short RNA in the Cas protein and RNA complex has no function.