an intermediate in glycolysis. Glycerol backbone of a fat molecule can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, Assuming that the single glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate undergoes complete oxidation to CO₂, how many ATPs are produced by oxidative phosphorylation only (i.e. exclude ATPs from substrate level phosphorylation) from a single fat molecule? O 20 O 18 O 17 O 15 08
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- Which one of the following regarding the chemistry of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis is FALSE? Reaction 6 of glycolysis catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase involves oxidation & addition of a P; group. Reaction 3 of gluconeogenesis catalyzed by enolase involves hydration, the addition of water to a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) to form an alcohol. Reaction 1 of gluconeogenesis catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase involves decarboxylation. Reaction 9 of gluconeogenesis catalyzed by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase involves dephosphorylation (phosphoester hydrolysis). Reaction 1 of glycolysis catalyzed by hexokinase involves phosphorylation (using ATP). O 0000Acetyi CoA Oxaloncetate CoA NADH Citrate NAD Isocitrate Malate Funiarate NAD co NADH FADH, FAD a- Ketoghutarate Succinate co, NAD+ ATP Succinyl CuA NADH ADP - P For each molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle? (see the figure above) а. 2 b. 4 с. 6 d. 0 е. 3In the first stage of glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate iscleaved to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The latter molecule can then be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Illustrate themechanisms whereby these reactions occur
- What if the phosphate group for the glycolysis reaction with enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was from ATP instead of Pi? What would the complete, balanced, net rxn of glycoslysisequation be and how does this impact the overall glycolysis rxn?How many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete metabolism of 2.12g of triacylglycerol containing two stearic acid chains and one palmitic acid chain? Assume that all electrons of cytosolic NADH are transferred through the dihydroxyacetone phosphate/glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle(b) number of moles of ATP produced under aerobic glycolysis whereby pyruvate enters the mitochondrion for oxidative decarboxylation to generate acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle. Write the reac- tions for each step using words. They need not be balanced with respect to charge, protons released or consumed, and stoichiometry. Consider 2.5 ATP/NADH oxidized and 1.5 ATP/FADH2 oxidized. Enzymes need not be named. Compare the number of moles of ATP that are produced under anaerobic glycolysis to the Of the reactions producing ATP in the mitochondrion listed in part (b) above, which are not (c) influenced by the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
- If a liver extract capable of carrying out normal metabolic reactions (including gluconeogenesis) is incubated with labeled pyruvate labeled with carbon-13 at the carbonyl carbon atom (shown in red below), where would the label be found in glucose? Explain, including schemes of the reactions to support your answer. 13 H3C coo®How many ATP molecules are generated from one complete metabolism of one molecule of maltose assuming all electrons of cytosolic NADH are transferred through the dihydroxyacetone phosphate/glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?Years ago there was interest in using uncouplers such as dinitrophenol as weight control agents. Presumably, fat could be oxidized without concomi- tant ATP synthesis for re-formation of fat or carbohydrate. Why was this a bad (i.e., fatal) idea?
- Compare the metabolic efficiencies of complete oxidation of fat (use 1,2-stearoyl-3-palmitoleoyl-glycerol as your example!) versus glucose in terms of moles of NADH equivalents (e.g., FADH2 and NADH) per gram (assume that all of the compounds of interest are in their anhydrous form) electron equivalents per gram O2 consumed per gram.Fatty acids are activated for breakdown through the action of acyl-CoA synthestase. Which of the following statements regarding acyl-CoA synthetase is not true? ● It catalyzes the addition of CoA to the fatty acid One of the products of the reaction is ADP. O The free energy change for the reaction catalyzed by this reaction is close to 0 kJ/mol, but the subsequent hydrolysis of pyrophosphate drives the reaction forward. O The reaction results in the formation of a thioester bond.Imagine a triglyceride comprised of (3) saturated C12 fatty acids. Calculate the number of ATP generated from the complete oxidation of one of these 12-carbon fatty acids to CO2 and water in the liver. Assume that each NADH = 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 = ETC generates 1.5 ATP. Any step that yields pyrophosphate as a product should be treated as an input (i.e. net loss) of (2) ATP.