Acety1 CoA Oxaloncetate CoA NADH Citrate NAD Isocitrate Malate Fuiarate NAD NADH FADH, FAD a-Ketoglutarate Succinate co, NAD ATP Succinyl CuA NADH ADP - P, For each molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle? (see the figure above) а. 2 b. 4 с. 6 d. O е. 3

Fatty acid oxidation for energy yield occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and for palmitate as one example, generates [FADN2, NADH, and Acetyle-CoA or FADH, GTP, and NADPH]  , all of which can be converted to ATP (108 of them to be exact) via oxidative phosphorylation.  This is a [greater or smaller]  yield of ATP per carbon atom compared to glucose.  Ketogenesis is a process where acetyl-CoA (including that from breakdown of fatty acids) is converted to ketone bodies under conditions where carbohydrates are [in excess or liminting]  .  Acetoacetate and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate are delivered from liver to the blood stream where they  provide energy for [cardiac and skeletal muscle as well as brain or synthesis of glycogen]  . [Insulin or glucagon]  promotes ketogenesis by stimulating fatty acid export from adipose tissue.

1 2 points Order the following TCA cycle metabolites in the order they are produced in one turn of the citric acid cycle. Not all answers will be used. 2 1 4 3 TI Isocitrate Citrate Lactate Pyruvate Oxaloacetate Isocitrate Succinyl-CoA Aconitate 3-Phosphoglycerate -DO

Metabolizing a fatty acid via the B-oxidation pathway will generate acetyl CoA, NADH and FADH₂. Based on your biochemical knowledge, the major metabolic intermediate will enter cellular respiration in [Select] and the reduced coenzymes will enter cellular respiration in [Select] Could a mature red blood cell perform the ß-oxidation pathway? Yes, in their cytoplasm.

Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA → Acetyl COA NAIDHI + H + CO₂ This is the overall reaction for the pathway of Glycolysis Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate Fatty acid oxidation Ellectron transport Oxidative phosphorylation TCA or citric acid cycle

trace the position of the elctron as this glucose molecule proceeds through glycolsis and two turns of the citric acid cycle

Follow the two carbon atoms that enter the citric acid cycle (C₂). Are the two CO₂ molecules given off in one turn of the citric acid cycle composed of the same 2 carbon atoms that entered the cycle? NADH + H+ NAD+ H HỌ—C—COO- H₂C-COO- °↑ 7 FADH₂ 0 C-C00 H₂C-COO- Oxaloacetate Malate HC-COO- -OOC-CH Fumarate FAD Succinate H₂C-COO H₂C-COO CH,CO—S-CoA Acetyl coenzyme A GTP COA GDP COA H₂C-COO- HỌ–C–COO- H₂C-COO- Citrate H₂C-COO- Isocitrate HC-COO- HO–C–COO H e T CO₂ Succinyl COA H₂C-COO- CO₂ a-Ketoglutarate CoA H₂C-CO-S-CoA H₂C-COO H₂C 0-C-COO- NAD+ NADH + H+ NAD+ NADH + H+

Acetyl CoA 00-COA COA Six -carbon molecule formed from acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate Four-carbon acceptor molecule (regenerated in each cycle) O00000 Citrate One carbon lost as 5 co2 O000 Oxaloacetate NAD+ NADH NADH + CO2 NAD* Secand carbon NAD+ lost as COz NADH + COD Reduced electron carrier similar to NADH Z7 GDP, O FADH2 Energy-carrying n molecule equivalent FAD GTP to ATP

Write the equation for net citric acid cycle and calculate one cycle equivalent to how many ATP?

If oxidation of acetyl-CoA yields 10 ATPs per mole through the citric acidcycle, how many ATPs will be derived from the complete metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of alanine in a mammal? Would the corresponding energyyield in a fish be higher or lower? Why? How much energy would bederived from the metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of isoleucine to CO2, H2O,and NH3? Of tyrosine?