A Manton-Gaulin homogenizer is used for cell lysis. Which of the following are true? Increasing the number of passes can increase fine cell debris and make subsequent clarification more difficult. Cell growth conditions and phase of growth at which cells are processed can impact cell disruption. Decreasing temperature can increase protein release. Decreasing pressure reduces the number of passes required. Explain what is meant by the extent of cell disruption is 0.9.

The questions are on the image.

For the study of alanine production by a recombinant strain of E. coli, cultivation was carried out in a benchtop bioreactor with 4.5 L of culture medium, using glucose as a limiting substrate. During the cultivation, there was no lag phase and the cells showed exponential growth for 5 hours. The following table presents the results of the analysis of ammonia and glucose consumption, and alanine accumulation throughout the cultivation. Knowing that 500 mL of a cell suspension at a concentration of 5.0 g/L (inoculum) was added to the 4.5 L of medium in the reactor and that the YX/NH3 previously determined was 7.5, calculate:a) the maximum specific growth rateb) YX/S and YP/S yield factorsc) How long would it take to reach Cx = 30 g/L if the cells continued with the exponential growth profile until the end of the culture (without nutrient deprivation or any type of inhibition)?d) Describe how the mathematical treatment of the data should be done to determine the type of product formation…

Explain in a full paragraph how the disk diffusion assay works.  Include in your explanation what the disk diffusion assay is used for, the role of gradient diffusion and why the gradient is important, what is meant by seeding, a lawn and a zone of inhibition and what is measured.