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- You isolate bacteria from several different pools at the recreation center. Curious about which bacteria likely have a common ancestor with your reference pool (the Buffalo-pool), you BLAST the 16S ribosomal gene from the Buffalo pool bacteria against the 16S ribosomal genes from the other pools. The results are shown below. Which of the bacteria likely have a common ancestor with the Buffalo-pool bacteria? Use e as a cutoff for homology. Organism Dive-well bacteria Competition-pool bacterial Practice-pool bacteria Puddle bacteria Puddle bacteria Practice-pool bacteria Competition-pool bacteria Dive-well bacteria E-value 9e-175 -300 8e 4e-2 4Species A, B, and C are related according to the phylogeny below (A,(B,C)). Species A and C diverged 10,000,000 generations ago, and species B and C diverged 100,000 generations ago. All three species are diploids. The mutation rate in their genomes is 1×10−9 mutations per basepair per generation. A gene found in all three species is 1,000 bp long. 75% of mutations in the gene are deleterious and 0% are beneficial. Use this information to answer the following questions. a) If there are 20 polymorphic synonymous sites in the gene in species A, how many non-synonymous sites do you expect to be polymorphic? Assume all synonymous changes are neutral. b) In species B, there are an average of two pairwise differences between individuals within the gene. What is the effective population size of species B? c) What do you expect FST to be between species B and C? Assume no migration between the species after they diverged.What general term describes any character state that is modified relative to an ancestor? 1 options: uniquely derived state ancestral state shared derived state derived state
- Species A, B, and C are related according to the phylogeny below (A,(B,C)). Species A and C diverged 10,000,000 generations ago, and species B and C diverged 100,000 generations ago. All three species are diploids. The mutation rate in their genomes is 1×10−9 mutations per basepair per generation. A gene found in all three species is 1,000 bp long. 75% of mutations in the gene are deleterious and 0% are beneficial. Use this information to answer the following questions. a) Species A has 100,000 diploid individuals. How many new mutations arise per basepair per generation in species A? b) What is the gene’s neutral mutation rate per basepair per generation? c) What is the expected rate of fixation of neutral mutations in the gene? d) How many neutral substitution do you expect to observe if you compared the gene between species A and C?a researcher studying two species (species 1 and species 2) sequences a short stretch of eight codons from the same gene, gene a, in each and compares them. species 1 and species 2 had a most recent common ancestor 50 million years ago. eight codons of nucleotide sequences are compared between species 1 and species 2. overall, there are six nucleotides that are different between the two species sequences. of these nucleotide differences, one is in the first position of a codon, three are in the second position of a codon, and two are in the third position of a codon. species 1 sequence is a t c, g g g, c g g, g a c, t t a, t t a, t a t, g c c. species 2 sequence is a a c, g g g, c g a, g a c, t a a, c t a, t a t, g g a. given the differences between the sequences of the two species' genes shown here, what evolutionary force can you predict is in operation on gene a? negative selection stabilizing selection balancing selection directional selection positive selection disruptive…What is an advantage of using mtDNA instead of nuclear DNA intracing evolution?
- Count the instances where there is any difference in the amino acid in the alignment of the six sequences and write that number below. Did you find any clades in this alignment? Describe your results. You must describe in detail the relationships between the sequences in this tree. Describe in detail how this combined tree changed the relationships between the sequences in comparison to the two separate trees that you created in the previous section aboveAfter finding that one genome in a ohylum is smaller than the others in that phylum, explain which factors lead to the genome contraction.Two species of palm trees differ by 50 bp in a 5000-bpstretch of DNA that is thought to be neutral. The mutation rate for these species is 2 × 10−8 substitutions persite per generation. The generation time for these species is five years. Estimate the time since these specieshad a common ancestor
- A group of researchers are trying to determine the relationship between various groups of organisms. The researchers analyze the amino acid sequence of the protein cytochrome c in various groups of organisms. Once they sequence cytochrome c in all organisms, they determine the number of amino acid substitutions in each group. The results can be seen in the graph below, which plots the data with respect to the time since the divergence of the members of paired groups from a common ancestor. A B mammals and reptiles с Number of Amino Acid Substitutions (per 100 amino acids) in Cytochrome, c D 60- 50+ 40+ 30- 20+ 10+ 0 0 O birds and reptiles A graph showing when various groups of organisms diverged from a common ancestor Based on the graph above, can you conclude which of the following organisms are most distantly related? 200 400 600 800 1,000 Time Since Divergence from a Common Ancestor (millions of years) fish and land vertebrates mammals and reptiles birds and mammals insects and…A researcher studying two species (species 1 and species 2) sequences a short stretch of eight codons from the same gene, gene B, in each and compares them. Species 1 and species 2 had a most recent common ancestor 50 million years ago. Species 1: ATC GGG CGG GAC TTA CTA TAT GCC Species 2: ATT GGG CGG GAC TTG CTA TAT GCC Given the differences between the sequences of the two species' genes shown here, what evolutionary force can you predict is most likely in operation on gene B?D) Two dragonfly populations that have accumulated several differences in their DNA sequences How do you know that is the answer? I thought we were not allowed to use DNA sequences in the lineage species concept.