5. Draw head group structures and name the following glycerophospholipid. a: Glycerophospholipid that carries a net positive charge at pH 2.5. b: Glycerophospholipid that carries a net negative charge at pH 7. c: Glycerophospholipid that carries a net zero charge at pH 7.
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- 1. Draw the structure of phosphatidic acid. Circle the polar parts of the molecule and box the non-polar parts of the molecule. 2.Based on the structure why would this molecule be a major building block for glycerophospholipids that make up the cell membrane? In your answer include which part of the molecule would be inside the membrane and which one out and why. 3. What specific “effect”would drive your answer to 2?4. Draw structures for the following fatty acids: a. 16:1 or palmitoleic or 9-Hexadecanoic acid b. 18:3*2 a-linoleic acid or 9,12,15 Octadecatrienoic acid 5. Draw and name a typical triacylglycerol. 6. Explain why the flip-flop rate of phospholipids in biological membranes is far greater than in artificial lipid membranes.The following is a block diagram for a glycerophospholipid where the building blocks are labeled with letters and the linkages between building blocks are labeled with numbers. ____________ 5. Which building blocks are glycerol residues? ____________ 6. Which building blocks are phosphate residues? ____________ 7. Which linkages involve an alcohol residue? ____________ 8. Which linkages involve both glycerol and fatty acid residues?
- Match lipid descriptions in column A with the phospholipid types in column B. H is attached to the phosphate group bound to C3 of glycerol backbone An amino acid is attached to the phosphate group bound to C3 of glycerol backbone A primary ammonium ion is found in its structure A quaternary ammonium ion is found in its structure A. phosphatidylethanolamine B. glycerophospholipid C. phosphatidylcholine D. phosphatidylserine13. The structures of sphingosine and choline are given below. Draw the condensed structure and block diagram of the sphingolipid formed from these molecules and a molecule of myristic acid. CH3-(CH2)12-CH=CH-CH-OH CH₂ CH3-N-CH2-CH2-OH CH-NH2 sphingosine CH2-OH CH3 choline BLOCK DIAGRAM (draw below) CONDENSED STRUCTURE 14. Which fatty acid below should have the highest melting point? Why? Explain your answer based on structure and forces of attraction. OH O OH TOH OH1. Theoretically, a protein could assume a virtually infinite number of configurations and conformations. Suggestseveral features of proteins that drastically limit the actual number. 2. What are the greatest structural features that differentiate sphingolipids from phosphoglycerides? 3. High levels of glucose-6-phosphate inhibit glycolysis. If the concentration of glucose-6-phosphate decreases,activity is restored. Why?
- Two different membrane components are shown in the figure below. HO B A CH3 choline head group C glycerol backbone H3C D hydrocarbon tail CH3 CH3 CH3 B- C- D CH₂ 0 CH3 O CH3 C=O C=O CH-CH₂ What are the molecular modules indicated by the letters A-D? Select from the two options provided for each module. Asterol polar head group CH₂ CH₂ O CH36. A control phospholipid membrane is isolated in which the phospholipid tails all have an 18-C chain length and are comprised of a 50:50 mixture of saturated and unsaturated tails. In addition, about 25% of the lipids are fluorescently labeled on the head groups. a) Draw a single plot of Fluidity vs. Temperature that contains the expected curves for: Control phospholipid (line- -) Control supplemented with 18-C saturated phospholipids (dashed line - Control supplemented with 16-C chain length (dotted line • • • • • • ) b) Draw a single plot of the Fluorescence Intensity vs. Time that contains the expected curves of a Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) using the same samples as in (a) above. The FRAP experiment is conducted at the same temperature for each sample (which is the Tm of the of the control phospholipid).3
- 15. Rank the solubility of the following fatty acids in water. A. C<E<B<D<F<A B. A<F<D<B<E<C C. C<E<B<F<D<A D. A<D<F<B<E<C 16. Using the same information in no. 15, rank the solubility of the fatty acids in hexane.* A. C<E<B<D<F<A B. A<F<D<B<E<C C. C<E<B<F<D<A D. A<D<F<B<E<C13. Which of the following statements about membrane phospholipids is/are true? a) They are oriented within biological membranes with polar head groups facing the outsides of the membrane. b) Only if assisted by the appropriate enzymes, phospholipids in aqueous solution will form themselves into bilayers, which seal their edges by forming droplets. c) They can have different shapes depending on the presence of double bonds in their fatty acid tails. d) a and c e) a, b and cGiven the following compounds, assemble the structure of the lipid constituent for the cell membrane appropriate to study the following: a. a thermophilic bacteria thriving in a hot spring b. a hepatocyte of a sea lion in the artic ocean c. a frog neurocyte