40. Propose that all three carbon atoms in glycerol is labeled with 14C. The labeled glycerol is allowed toundergo metabolism in the genetically modified liver cell, in which the triose phosphate isomerase is nolonger functioning. Which of the following are most likely to be true?A. All three carbon atoms in pyruvate can be labeled with radioisotope in the genetically modifiedliver cellB. All six carbon atoms in glucose can be labeled with radioisotope in the genetically modified livercellC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B

Glycerol is a molecule commonly found in biological systems and serves as a precursor for various…

Answered: 40. Propose that all three carbon atoms…

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter7: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 7TYK

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4) Suppose some yeast cells undergoing gluconeogenesis were treated with a 1:1 mixture of the two labeled pyruvate molecules shown below (one pyruvate is labeled with ¹4C at C1 and ¹³C at C3; the other pyruvate is labeled with ¹4C at C3 and ¹3C at C2. Assume that the labeled pyruvate molecules are the only source of carbon to make glucose via gluconeogenesis. Draw the resulting mixture of glucose molecules and clearly show the location of ¹4C and/or ¹³℃ in each glucose. 13CH3 14CH3 13C
. In Figure 6-11,a. in view of the position of HPA oxidase earlier in thepathway compared to that of HA oxidase, would youexpect people with tyrosinosis to show symptoms ofalkaptonuria?b. if a double mutant could be found, would you expecttyrosinosis to be epistatic to alkaptonuria?
1. The diagram to the right illustrates in panel A the N- acetyl-glutamate content of rat livers as a function of time after intraperitoneal injection of a load of amino acids containing glutamate (1.5 g/kg body weight). The lower panel B illustrates the activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I activity isolated from intact rat liver mitochondria similarly as a function of time after intraperitoneal injection of a load of amino acids (1.5 g/kg body weight). Virtually identical data were generated when only L- glutamate was injected intraperitoneally instead of the load of amino acids containing glutamate. It was also shown that the liver content of endogenous arginine and ornithine remained constant when arginine was omitted from the amino acid mixture. (a) (b) (c) (d) Write the reactions using structural formulas underlying the observations in the two diagrams to the right (one for each panel). Include all the reactants, enzymes and cofactors. Make sure the chiral centers are…
1. Explain the reaction mechanism involved how glucogenic amino acids can yield either a pyruvic acid or an oxaloacetic acid. In what pathway will pyruvic or oxaloacetic acid be used and why is this pathway important? 2. Discuss the reaction mechanism involved how the -NH2 groups of amino acids are being metabolized. 3. Explain why gluconeogenesis under conditions of starvation or diabetes breaks down body proteins. Complete answer please. Thank you. |
3. (a) The activity of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway is commonly quantified by measuring 14CO2 production from C-14 labeled glucose. In this assay, glucose is metabolized aerobically by cells or tissue slices; both [1-14C] glucose and [6-14C] glucose are employed separately but in parallel. This classical method, thus, requires two separate assay mixtures. Which radioactive isotopomer of glu- cose releases 14 CO2 generated by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway? Confirm your conclusion by drawing the intermediates of the oxidative phase of the PPP with structural formulas, starting with glucose-6-phosphate. Name the intermediates and indicate enzymes. (b) ( Because the assay protocol requires aerobic incubation of cells or tis- sue slices with isotopically labeled glucose in parallel assays, what is the purpose of the other radioactive glucose derivative? To answer this question base your answer using the diagram on the right. O + 2 NADH CH₂OH + 2 NAD+ ○ HO HO + 2 Pi 2 CO + 2 ATP HO OH 2 ADP…
3. (a) The activity of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway is commonly quantified by measuring 14CO2 production from C-14 labeled glucose. In this assay, glucose is metabolized aerobically by cells or tissue slices; both [1-14C] glucose and [6-14C] glucose are employed separately but in parallel. This classical method, thus, requires two separate assay mixtures. Which radioactive isotopomer of glu- cose releases 14 CO2 generated by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway? Confirm your conclusion by drawing the intermediates of the oxidative phase of the PPP with structural formulas, starting with glucose-6-phosphate. Name the intermediates and indicate enzymes. (b) ( Because the assay protocol requires aerobic incubation of cells or tis- sue slices with isotopically labeled glucose in parallel assays, what is the purpose of the other radioactive glucose derivative? To answer this question base your answer using the diagram on the right. O2 NADH CH₂OH + 2 NAD+ HO HO + 2 Pj 2 CO + 2 ATP HO OH 2 ADP CH3…
The activity of the enzyme β-galactosidase produced bywild-type cells grown in media supplemented with different carbon sources is measured. In relative units, thefollowing levels of activity are found:Glucose Lactose Lactose + glucose0 100 1Predict the relative levels of β-galactosidase activity incells grown under similar conditions when the cells arelacI−, lacIS, lacO+, and crp−.
25. Overall oxidation of glucose can be represented as (2 Points) Glucose + 2ADP + 2GDP + 4 Pi +8NAD+ + 2FAD + 2H2O-----> 6CO2 + 2ATP + 2GTP +8NADH + 6H+ + 2FADH2 Glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 4 Pi +8NAP+ + 2FAD + 2H2O-----> 6CO2 + 2ATP +2GTP +8NADH + 6H+ + 2FADH2 Glucose + 2ADP + 2GDP + 4 Pi +8NADP+ + 2FAD + 2H2O-----> 2CO2 + 2ATP + 2GTP +8NADHP + 6H+ + 2FADH2 Glucose + 2ADP + 2GDP + 2 Pi +6NAD+ + 2FAD + 2H2O-----> 6CO2 + 2ATP + 2GTP +6NADH + 6H+ + 2FADH2
4) Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a highly regulated enzyme in glycolysis. ADP (and also AMP - adenosine monophosphate) bind to allosteric sites on PFK's structure, causing additional active sites (fructose-6-phosphate binding sites) to open. Conversely, ATP and PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) bind to different allosteric sites, resulting in PFK's active sites closing. a) How does an allosteric activator work? What is the allosteric activator? When would it be important for PFK to be activated? Function: Allosteric Activator(s): Importance: b) How does an allosteric inhibitor work? What is the allosteric inhibitor? When would it be important for PFK to be inhibited? Function: Allosteric Inhibitor(s): Importance: c) How does this relate to the ideas of homeostasis and why does it make sense to control this system homeostatically? Use a specific example to make your comparison.
3. (a) In Bakers yeast there are two variants of cytochrome c, a heme containing protein of 108 amino acid residues that catalyzes electron transfer reactions in mitochondria. The two forms of cyto- chrome c known as iso-1 and iso-2 cytochrome c differ in 17 of the 108 amino acids. The content of proton dissociable side chains for the two cytochromes c is given in the table below: Side chain pka iso-1 cytochrome c Ziso-1 iso-2 cytochrome c 12.5 3 4.0 4 8.0 4.0 6.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 4.0 Arginine Aspartate Cysteine Glutamate Histidine Lysine Tyrosine -NH3Ⓡ -COOH 1 4 4 16 5 1 1 What is the overall electrostatic charge on each cytochrome at pH 8? (b) To the right is a diagram of the chemical groups in carboxymethyl-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose that are used for ion exchange chromatography to purify proteins. At pH 8 which chromatographic resin has to be used to separate iso-1-cytochrome c from iso-2-cytochrome c from a lysate of yeast cells? If the proteins are separated by application of a…
16. The overall reaction for the glycolysis reaction is C6H₁2O6(aq) + 2NAD+ (aq) + 2ADP³(aq) + 2HPO(aq) + 2H₂O(1) 2CH3COCO₂ (aq) + 2NADH(aq) + 2ATP4 (aq) + 2H3O+ (aq). What is A,G at chemical equilibrium?
37.Assume that the phosphoryl group in the shown chemical (Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)) is labeled with 32P radioisotope. The radioisotope labeled chemical is then allowed to undergo gluconeogenesis in liver cells. Which of the phosphoryl groups in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate are labeled with radioisotope? (Assume that the only fate of the radioisotope chemical is to undergo gluconeogenesis in the liver)a. The phosphoryl group that is attached to the C-1 of fructoseb. The phosphoryl group that is attached to the C-6 of fructosec. Bothd. Neither a nor b

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