2. ( Labeling molecules with isotopes has long been used to trace and characterize metabolic pathways. Upon oxidation in the mammalian liver of L- glutamate labeled as shown on the right, write the metabolic reactions that lead to the products as shown below using structure formulas. No need to include the enzymes. (a) succinate [ (1-14C)-succinate ] (b) (c) (d) citrulline [15NH2-CO-NH-(CH2)3-CH (NH3)-COO-] H 15 + 14! urea [ 15NH₂-CO-15NH₂] H-N H COO- aspartate [ (1-¹4C,2-15N)-L-aspartate and (4-14C,2-15N)-L-aspartate] C-H CH₂ L CH₂ ī COO- (2-14C,15N)-L-glutamate
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- 2. The urine of an infant gives a positive reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Mass spectrometry shows abnormally high blood levels of pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and the α-ketoacids of valine, isoleucine, and leucine. Identify a likely molecular defect and propose a definitive test of your diagnosis.1. Give TWO (2) examples of sterols responsible for the synthesis of Vitamin D. How these sterols can be converted into Vitamin D? 2. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is a universal precursor for all diterpene/diterpenoids. How GGPP is converted to linear, monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic diterpene/diterpenoids? Explain.1. What structurtal property of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids prevents oxidation of these compounds by the β-oxidation pathway? what additional types of reactions are needed?
- Using Figure 1.3 of the Introduction as an example, a) draw all the structures of the tribasic amino acid lysine involved in the equilibrium reactions that would take place during titration against NaOH, starting with the fully protonated form below (draw the R-group in full). HAN+-CH- COOH (CH2)4 NH°+ b) indicate the numerical pa value of each equilibrium reaction, and which ionizable group is being dissociated in each step. c) indicate the net charge of the amino acid at each step and identify the zwitterion. d) Calculate the pI of this amino acid (show the calculation). e) What would be the predominant ionization states of this amino acid at physiological pH (7.4) and at this pH, what would the ratio of these two states be (show the calculation)?Understanding the Mechanism of the -Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Reaction tshe first step of the -Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction involves decarboxylation of the substrate and leaves a covalent TPP intermediate. Write a reasonable mechanism for this reaction.#1)What are the main roles of the following amino acids; (within the crystal structure and/or active site. be specific, with pictures and mechanistic arrows as needed) -Glu305 from pyruvate carboxylase -Gln23 from Penecilin Acylase -Ser203 from Acetylcholinesterase #2) Why is L-tetrahydro-2-furoic acid would be a suitable inhibitor for Proline oxidase?
- 1. The enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase is important in the breakdown of amino acids to produce NH4+. High levels of NH4+ in the body are toxic, and for this reason it is used to form urea to be excreted in the urine. Using the information provided, calculate the delta G knot prime and the Keq value at 298K for the oxidation of glutamate catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. (Constants: R=8.3J/degree.mol, F=96.1kJ/V.mol) How to identify the final and initial reactions in a group of redox reactions and do we reverse the reduction reaction if the question asks for oxidation?1. The enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase is important in the breakdown of amino acids to produce NH4+. High levels of NH4+ in the body are toxic, and for this reason it is used to form urea to be excreted in the urine. a) Using the information provided, calculate the delta G knot prime and the Keq value at 298K for the oxidation of glutamate catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. (Constants: R=8.3J/degree.mol, F=96.1kJ/V.mol) b) Given the reaction above, why would high levels of NH4+ be toxic? c) Given the reaction above, explain how a high concentration of gutamate inside the cell would affect energy production. Be sure to be specific.1) Draw the structures and provide the systematic names of the following fatty acids (all double bonds are in cis- configuration).a) 24:0b) 18:3(Δ6,9,12)c) 20:3(Δ8,11,14)2) Define and briefly explain the process of saponification.3) Commercial vegetable oils are subjected to partial hydrogenation processing before they are made available on the market;a) Explain the importance of this partial hydrogenation on cooking oil.b) Give two reasons why un-hydrogenated vegetable oil is not suitable for cooking.c) What undesirable effect does partial hydrogenation cause?4) Platelet-activating factor and Prostacyclin are lipids that play roles affecting coagulation.a) Differentiate the roles of each aforementioned lipid with reference to coagulation. b) What specific type of lipids does each molecule belong to?5) Draw the structures of lecithin and cephalin, outlining the general features. 6) Explain the chemical importance of having 2-deoxy-D-ribose in DNA over D-ribose.7) Draw a schematic…
- Ethyl alcohol is sometimes used in hospital emergency rooms to treat patients who have ingested radiator or gas-line antifreeze. A major chemical component of these products is methanol. The methanol itself is not especially harmful; however, it is transformed by enzymes called dehydrogenases to the very toxic substances, formaldehyde, and formic acid. Can you explain the biochemical principles behind this medical treatment?4. Draw the condensed structural formula for the triacylglycerol made from 3 saturated fatty acids that are 24 carbons long Using diagram from 1 as the reactant, draw the full equation (using condensed structural formulas) for this triacylglycerol undergoing saponification, using NaOH. Separating Glycated Hb From Normal Hb (Integrates with Chapters 5and 6.) Human hemoglobin can react with sugars in the blood(usually glucose) to form covalent adducts. The a-amino groups ofN-terminal valine in the Hb b-subunits react with the C-1 (aldehyde)carbons of monosaccharides to form aldimine adducts, whichrearrange to form very stable ketoamine products. Quantitation ofthis “glycated hemoglobin” is important clinically, especially fordiabetic individuals. Suggest at least three methods by which glycatedHb (also referred to as HbA1c) could be separated from normal Hband quantitated