2. (a) List the number of NADH and FADH2 equivalents formed and the corresponding number of ATP equivalents generated by mitochondrial oxidation of one molecule of CH3(CH2) 12-COSCOA Number of NADH or FADH2 formed Number of ATP ultimately formedª Enzyme catalyzing the oxidation step ß Oxidation Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase B-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase Citric acid cycle Isocitrate dehydrogenase a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl-CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase Total *These calculations assume that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation produces 1.5 ATP per FADH2 oxidized and 2.5 ATP per NADH oxidized. GTP produced directly in this step yields ATP in the reaction catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate kinase (p. 516).

Which of the following is higher during high levels of glutathione reductase and NADP? SH A но (GSH) OH NH2 NH2 HO OH ;-CH-CH2-CH2-C-NH-CH–ċ–NH–CH2- CH2 В (GSSG) CH2 -CH-CH;-CH2=C-NH–C NH-CH–Ç-NH-CH2-C HO OH NH2

9. The equation below depicts the first step of the citric acid cycle. H0 CoA-SH CH-C + 0=C-CO0 HO C-COO citrate s-COA ČH2-COO synthase ČH2 -CO0 Citrate Acetyl-CoA Oxaloacetate AG" = -32.2 kJ/mol a) Explain the chemical conversions that take place during this step. b) Why is this reaction energetically favorable? Explain.

Acetyi CoA Oxaloncetate CoA NADH NAD: Citrate Isccitrate Malate NAD co NADH Funaate »FADH; FAD a- Ketoglutarate Succinate NAD ATP Succinyt CuA NADH ADP - P, If you were told to add one of the eight citric acid cycle intermediates to the culture medium fo yeast growing in the laboratory, what do you think would happen to the rates of ATP and carbon dioxide production? (see the above figure) a. There would be no change in ATP production, but the rate of CO2 production would increase. b. The rates of ATP production and CO2 production would both increase, c. The rate of ATP production would increase, but the rate of CO2 production would decrease. d. The rates fo ATP and CO2 production would both decrease.

Help me understand this…I’m confused

if each nadh generates 3 atp molecules and each fadh2 generates 2 atp molecules calculate the number of ATP molecules generated from one saturated 10-carbon fatty acid

which statements are False