12-1 Explain why the quantity of labor supplied increases with the wage, other things remaining constant (Market Supply of Labor) The following table shows the hours per week supplied to a particular market by three individuals at various wage rates. Calculate the total hours per week (Q,) supplied to the market. 1. Hourly Wage Hours per Week Q, $15 20 16 25 17 35 10 18 45 25 10 19 42 40 30 20 38 37 45 Why does the quantity supplied tend to increase with the hourly wage? Which individuals, if any, have backward- bending supply curves in the wage range shown? Does the market supply curve bend backward in the wage range shown in the table?

Ford Motors 2010-2019 How does the type of labor used (high-skilled or low-skilled) impact the supply of labor?  How do these influence the wage rate in the company?

5. Consider the market for labor. When you draw a supply and demand curve, what group of people represent “supply”? Explain.

11. Describe what happens to quantity of labor supplied when wages are at the equilibrium level, above equilibrium, and below equilibrium.

6. Plotting the supply of labor In Providence, 120 people are willing to spend an hour working as pizza makers for an hourly wage of $20. For each additional $5 that the wage increases above $20, an additional 30 people are willing to spend an hour working. For hourly wages of $20, $25, $30, $35, and $40, plot the daily labor supply curve for pizza makers on the following graph. WAGE (Dollars per hour) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 + 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 LABOR (Number of workers) 240 270 300 Supply What is one explanation for why this labor supply curve is upward sloping? The opportunity cost of leisure increases as wages increase. O Unemployment benefits are steadily declining. Wages have to increase to accommodate union pressure. O Firms are willing to hire fewer pizza makers at a higher wage.

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6. Monopsony basics Consider a newspaper in a small town that has monopsony power in hiring journalists. The following table shows the labor hours that will be supplied at each of the given hourly wages, as well as the total cost of labor at each quantity of labor. Suppose the newspaper's demand for labor as a function MVP of the marginal value product of labor (MVPL) is given by L= 5.5- 20 Compute the marginal expense (MEL) and marginal value product (MVPL) of adding an additional hour at each quantity and enter the values into the following table. Hourly Wage WAGE (Dollars per hour) 90 80 60 10 100 40 20 30 20 40 70 10 50 0 30 The following graph depicts the supply of labor in this market. Labor Supplied (Hours) Use the grey points (star symbol) to plot the marginal expense at the five quantities of labor given in the previous table. Then use the blue points (circle symbol) to plot the firm's demand for labor as a function of the MVPL- 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 Total Labor Cost (Dollars per…

Read the "Clear it Up: Do Profit Maximizing Employers Exploit Labor" Do Profit Maximizing Employers Exploit Labor? (Source: OER)  If you look back at the labor dynamics of supply and demand, you will see that only the firm pays the last worker it hires what they’re worth to the firm. Every other worker brings in more revenue than the firm pays him or her. This has sometimes led to the claim that employers exploit workers because they do not pay workers what they are worth. Let’s think about this claim. The first worker is worth $x to the firm, and the second worker is worth $y, but why are they worth that much? It is because of the capital and technology with which they work. The difference between workers’ worth and their compensation goes to pay for the capital, technology, without which the workers wouldn’t have a job. The difference also goes to the employer’s profit, without which the firm would close and workers wouldn’t have a job. The firm may be earning excessive profits,…

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