Reread the case study carefully, make sure you understand it and to focus your attention whenyou reread the case study, make a note of any ideas that you think of. Answer the questionlinking relevant theories and concepts to specific information from the case study. Do not forgetto include the question and use different sources and cite them properly (APA format). Use in-text citation and collate all the references at the end.1. What are the three major pathways that eventually become entry points of moleculesinto the Krebs Cycle? Which molecules from these respective pathways are integratedinto the Krebs Cycle?2. How is a "committed step" defined in the context of a metabolic pathway and why arethey important? Which steps and/or enzymes are involved in the committed steps inthe Krebs Cycle? What are the possible implications of these steps were deregulated?3. What are the three Krebs Cycle inborn errors mentioned in the paper? Why are theycalled deficiencies? What do you think are the probable causes for these?4. In your own words, what do you think is/are the reason/s why most of the clinicalfeatures of these diseases involve muscle and nerve tissue?5. Given the clinical manifestations, what suggestion do you have pertaining to themanagement of the diseases mentioned?

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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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2. Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class: A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is produced by anabolism of pyruvate? (1 step away) B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would you describe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)? C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away) D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms of (i) cell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.
4. The urea cycle was the first metabolic cycle to be discovered, predating the description of the citric acid cycle by 5 years. Hans Krebs along with Kurt Henseleit used their Warburg manometer (pictured) to monitor the use of carbon dioxide and ammonia in the synthesis of urea. In the presence of a slice of liver, urea could be produced, but the reaction require ornithine and citrulline. Since citrulline is not consumed during the course of the enzymatic cycle, but is rather regenerated, Krebs described 2N citrulline as a "catalyst" of the process. ОН ÑH2 (a) What do initiation of the urea cycle and initiation of gluconeogenesis have in common? What is the first committed step of the urea cycle, what reactants are used, what product is (b) produced, where does it take place, how is it allosterically regulated, and how is the allosteric regulator produced?
10. Which pathway leads to the formation of dicarboxylic acids as an end product? A. Beta-oxidation D. Omega-oxidation 11. The major site of formation of acetoacetate from fatty acids is the: A) adipose tissue. B. Pentose Phosphate, oxidative phase E. Kreb's Cycle C. Alpha-oxidation B) intestinal mucosa. C) kidney. D) liver. E) muscle.
1- in comparing aerobic and anaerobic respiration , something that is always different between the two processes is (a)the type of terminal electron acceptor used (b) the type of sugar that is used to start the process (c) whether chromosoms is used or not (d) the location where they occure in the cell (e) the type of glycolysis used 2- Which of the following is not a mechanism that bacteria use to exhibit resistence to antibiotices . (a) expressing membrane efflux pumps that remove the antibiotic from the bacterial cell (b)secreting protiens that can bind to antibiotics and disable them before they enter the cell (c)creating exclusion barrierrs that prevent the antibiotic from the entering the cell (d)changing bacterial targets (e)producing enzymes that destroy the antibiotic please give answer for both questions asap please
4. In cellular respiration we have learned 3 different instances when the ATP cycle (ATP/ADP + Pi) is involved in a reaction; a) phosphorylation (ATP hydrolysis) b) substrate-level phosphorylation c) oxidative phosphorylation. Explain each type of phosphorylation below (use an example if this helps your explanation), being sure that you briefly describe how REDOX plays a role in each. Finally, give the specific location(s) in the cell where each kind of phosphorylation occurs.
1. With what molecule does the acetyl group entering the Kreb’s Cycle join? 2. What is the first intermediate compound in the Kreb’s Cycle?
3. From a cell's point-of-view, which one or more of the following is/are the most effective (and least detrimental) way to shift only the reaction A B toward the right. A) Increase [A] B) Decrease [A] C) Increase [B] D) Decrease [B] E) Increase the temperature
6. With the presence of fast-food chains, many people have the opportunity to «have a quick bites while their daily physical activity is decreased. Explain why such a diet leads to obcsity more quickly under hypodynamic conditions. For answer: a) draw the charts of metabolic pathways in adipocytes with their activation leading to increased weight; b) give the origin of substrates, enzymes, ways of using final products; c) draw an appropriate chart and describe the stages of sequential hormonal signal transduction to adipocytes and explain the biological effects of the hormonc.
5. The keto acids of the TCA cycle are also the other substrates of the aminotransferase family. How does this family of enzymes play a role in maintaining the NAD re-oxidation of NADH to NAD during glycolysis? (Use the amino acids alanine, aspartate, and glutamate in your explanation)
Where is the Krebs cycle located in prokaryotes?
3. Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) catalyzes the following reaction: COO™ C=O CH₂ COO Oxaloacetate The AspAT enzyme has two active-site arginines, Arg 386 and Arg 292, that interact with the a- carboxylate and ß-carboxylate groups on the aspartate substrate, respectively. Investigators stud- ied the mechanism of AspAT in more detail by constructing mutant AspAT enzymes in which either or both of the essential arginines were replaced with a lysine residue. The kinetic parame- ters for the wild-type enzyme and nutant enzymes are shown in the table. NH—CH-COO T CH₂ COO™ Aspartate α-Amino acid Enzyme 1. Wild-type Asp AT(Arg 292 Arg 386) 2. Mutant Asp AT(Lys 292 Arg 386) 3. Mutant Asp AT(Arg 292 Lys 386) 4. Mutant Asp AT(Lys 292 Lys 386) Asp-AT a-Keto acid KM (MM) 4 326 72 300 Kcat (S-1) 530 4.5 9.6 0.055 (a) The Michaelis constant is strictly not equivalent to an equilibrium binding constant; however under certain conditions the Michaelis constant does approach the equilibrium (dissoci-…
15. The second high energy intermediate metabolite of glycolysis that can be used for substrate level phosphorylation is also a precursor molecule for the synthesis of several amino acids. Name 5 of these amino acids.

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1. What are the three major pathways that eventually become entry points of molecules into the Krebs Cycle? Which molecules from these respective pathways are integrated into the Krebs Cycle?