6. Students carry out a laboratory experiment with avidin (a protein in egg white)having a very high affinity for biotin enzymes. Which enzyme of glucosemetabolism would be inhibited by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate?For answer:a) draw a reaction that would be blocked by the addition of avidin to a cellhomogenate;b) write a diagram of the carbohydrate metabolism in which this reaction takesplace.

Answered: Image /qna-images/answer/5d0584cb-b1ea-41ef-a539-0c72d1431c8e.jpg

Answered: 6. Students carry out a laboratory…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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6. In an experiment, students used liver tissuc samples to study the cthanol metabolism and the possibility of ethanol conversion into glucose. The ethanol introduction in the investigated medium didn't lead to glucose level increase. Why is it impossible to convert ethanol to glucose? For the answer: a) provide a scheme of gluconcogenesis, indicate the substrates of this process; b) write the reaction of ethanol oxidation in the liver; c) explain whether it is possible to use the metabolites of ethanol catabolism for the glucose synthesis.
● 1.) Draw out the pathway for the biosynthesis of the following glycerophospholipid starting with choline, glycerol and the component fatty acids as it occurs in the liver tissue. Show the structures of all reactants and products, as well as the names of the enzymes. You do not need to draw the structures of ATP, NAD+, CoA, etc., but do show them as reactants or products in the appropriate places. You do not need to show the mechanisms of the enzymes. What is the name of the phospholipid? Us jure O • DISM 91 3.C6H3 UG OSEMSA QE F CH₂ CABJAD C-H H H₂C-O-P-0- ACELOj Pro ! H₂ C 212 32 CH3 f H3C -N-CH3
10. Glycogen, as the main storage form of glucosc, is an important energy reservoir. Describe the role of glycogen in providing the body with energy. To answer: a) write a scheme for glycogen mobilization, and oxidation of the end product to CO, and H,O; b) mark the reactions associated with ATP synthesis and ATP consumption in the scheme, calculate the oxidation energy yield of I mole of the final product resulting from glycogen breakdown; 1L An unconscious man with sions of alcobol poisonino was taken to the hosnital
1. The first step in the payoff phase of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that contains a nucleophilic cysteine playing a central role in the reaction. A) In the direction of gluconeogenesis, what reaction does this enzyme catalyze? AG° = -6.3 kcal/mol for this reaction in the direction of gluconeogenesis. Based on what you know about the substrates involved, provide two chemical reasons as to why the AGO of this reaction is negative.
3) Read the situations below and indicate which of the four methods of enzyme regulation is occurring for each. a) The energy-carrying molecule ATP is made by the enzyme ATP synthase. Muscle cells use a lot of energy and also have higher amounts of the ATP synthase enzyme than many other cell types. General mechanism of enzyme regulation: S b) Prostaglandins are messenger molecules involved in the inflammatory response, as well as the perception of pain. They are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates by an enzym called cyclo-oxygenase. "Ibuprofen" is the active ingredient in a variety of anti-inflammatory medications such as Motrin® and Advil®. It reduces pain and swelling by binding to a hydrophobic channel in the active site of cyclo-oxygenase, blocking the polyunsaturated fatty acids from binding to the enzyme, and therefore stopping production of prostaglandins. General mechanism of enzyme regulation:
7. Students carry out a laboratory experiment of the oxidative conversion of glucose to ribosc 5-phosphate on muscle and liver homogenates. The first carbon of glucose is radioactively labeled. Will the labeled atom appear in pentose? Which tissue, liver or muscle will show a higher rate of the process? To solve the problem: a) depict reactions of the oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway using chemical formulas; b) indicate the significance of this process for the cells and for the whole organism; c) name the regulatory enzyme and mechanism of its regulation.
Describe how a) Mean Arterial Pressure, b) Maximal Oxygen Consumption, and c) Blood Flow are determined using its formula. In addition, you should explain what those factors are including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, resistance, a-vO2 difference, etc. Describe how many ATPs can be generated by complete cycles of beta oxidation of free fatty acid with 20 carbons. You should indicate how many cycles of beta oxidation and Krebs cycle, and total number of products as well
1. If the diagram below represents a catabolic pathway, and enzyme 1 requires NAD +, a) what type of reaction does enzyme 1 catalyze? b) what do coenzymes provide during enzymatic reactions? c) what are the roles of stoichiometric and catalytic coenzymes/cofactors? Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 A B C W X Y z 2. If Z = ATP formed via substrate level phosphorylation in the diagram below, a) which of the following compounds (represented by an uppercase letter) contains a high-energy bond? b) compare and contrast substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 A W X Y Z
1. What are the effects of pH and temperature to catalase? What is the optimum pH and optimum temperature for catalase? 2. Explain why the rate of reaction initially increases with increase in temperature then gradually declines as the temperature is further increased. 3. Is the rate of enzymatic reaction always directly dependent on enzyme concentration? Explain. 4. Explain the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. 5. What is the effect of CuSO, on the enzymatic activity of catalase? 6. Is CuSO4 an activator or inhibitor? If it is an inhibitor, what kind of inhibitor is it?
4. During prolonged fasting and intense exercise, the product of fat breakdown in adipose tissue, glycerol, is one of the gluconeogenesis substrates. How can glycerol be involved in gluconcogenesis? How many moles of glycerol and ATP are required to synthesize I mole of glucose? To answer: 288 Chapter 6. Carbohydrate metabolism a) write a diagram for the glucose synthesis from glycerol and name the reactions occurring with ATP consumption; b) name the hormones that stimulate gluconcogenesis and describe the mechanism of signal transduction by these hormones; c) explain the role of the bifunctional enzyme in the regulation of gluconeoge- nesis.
1. Diagram the connection of the following pathways: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis, glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation. Use key intermediate names, pathway names and arrows in your diagram.
28. Sucrose in human nutrition is hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components by sucrase. Glucose can enter directly in cellular respiration while fructose is predominantly metabolized in the liver as illustrated in the figure below. Suppose 180 molecules of sucrose are to be catabolized, what is the net ATP production during glycolysis considering both substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation of NADH shuttled by malate and aspartate to the mitochondrion? [Hint: Sum of net ATP yield in substrate-level phosphorylation and ATP from glycolytic NADH] Fructose Glucose Glycogen ATP- ATP- ADP4 ADP+ hexokinase glucokinase Glucose-6-P→→→→→ Glucose-1-P Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP fructokinase rapid Fructose-1-P Rate aldolase B limiting Dihydroxyacetone-P Glyceraldehyde ATP- triose kinase ADP Glyceraldehyde-3-P Liver Also intestinal cells and kidney cortex O a. 810 ATP O b. 1260 ATP O c. 1800 ATP d. 2520 ATP PFK-1 Dihydroxy- acetone-P Lactate F1,6bisphosphatase…

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