1. If there were only two alleles of TAS2R38 (AVI and PAV) in the human population, what are the possible allelic combinations in diploid cells? 2. For the sake of simplicity, assume that only the amino acids Pro, Ala and Val make up the functioning active site pocket within the taste receptor TAS2R38. Using your knowledge of amino acid properties, describe the environment of the active site. Is it surprising that changing these amino acids to Ala, Val and Iso, respectively, inhibits the receptor from binding PTC?

Gamete Production: in the following examples please list the possible gametes produced 1) In humans, sickle cell anemia is a disease caused by a mutation of a single gene that codes for an important protein. The allele for the normal protein is dominant (S) to the one that causes sickle cell anemia. a. What gametes would be produced by an individual who suffers from sickle cell anemia produce? b. What gamester would be produce by an individual that is a carrier of the sickle cell trait?

9. please answer this . very important

1. ALT is not used as a hepatocellular damage marker in cattle. Explain why.

2. Below, recognition sites of two of these enzymes, Pstl and Nsil, are given 5'... CTGC AG. 3... GACGTC...5 3 Pstl recognition and cleavage site 5... ATGCAT 3'... TACGTA ... 5' 3' ... Nsil recognition and cleavage site a. Does cleavage by Pstl result in a 5' or 3' overhang? What is the sequence of this overhang? b. Does cleavage by Nsil result in a 5' or 3' overhang? What is the sequence of this overhang? c. Suppose you have a cloning vector that contains a Pstl recognition site and you also have foreign DNA that was cut with Nsil. Can this DNA be ligated into the Pstl site of the vector, and if so, explain its reason and draw the new ligation site. d. Can the new ligated DNA segment sequence be cut from the vector with Pstl or Nsil ? What potential problems do you see?

4.) Fully explain the role Gal3 has in the expression of galactose inducible (gal) genes.

1. Cancer genetics Breast cancers can be divided into several classes. One type of breast cancer, classified as HER2 positive ("HER2+"), represents 15-20% of breast cancers. Most HER2+ cancers arise due to amplification of the HER2 gene (without any mutation of the HER2 protein coding region). HER2 amplification is also associated with several other types of cancer (e.g. stomach cancer). Would the HER2 gene be considered a proto-oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene? Justify your answer based on the function of the HER2 protein (look it up). b. How does amplification of HER2 promote cancer? c. Some HER2+ cancers have become resistant to the antibody drug. These cells were found to have mutations of the PTEN gene (look for information about the PTEN gene). Are these likely to be recessive loss of function mutations or dominant gain of function mutations of PTEN? Justify your answer, relating PTEN mutations to drug resistance.

Fig 2 shows gastric organoids cultured from a TffCre; XYZI/fl mouse. Ki67 has been used to identify proliferating cells (green). Tamoxifen indicates exposure to tamoxifen to induce recombination of the TffCre. No Tamoxifen Ki-67 3. What is the consequence of deleting XYZ in gastric organoids, and does this suggest it is an oncogene or a tumour suppressor? Explain your reasoning. DX Equation Editor 4. IWP inhibits the secretion of Wnt ligands from the organoids. Therefore, do Wnt ligands promote or inhibit proliferation of XYZ deficient organoids? Explain your reasoning. X Equation Editor Tamoxifen Q Tamoxifen + IWP A- A I B IU S x, x² Styles Font Size Font Words: 0/250 张 A- A-T BIUS X, x² Styles ▾ Size