. What would happen in each of the following cases? Assume in each case that the protein involved is a soluble protein, not a membrane protein. You add a signal sequence (for the ER) to the N-terminal end of a normally cytosolic protein. You change the hydrophobic amino acids in an ER signal sequence into charged amino acids. You change the hydrophobic amino acids in an ER signal sequence into other hydrophobic amino acids.            4    You move the N-terminal ER signal sequence to the C-terminal end of the protein.

Your research advisor would like you to measure the movement of a protein X using FRAP. The results of your FRAP experiment are shown below. What can you conclude? Fluorescence Intensity (Arbitrary Units) Time (Seconds) Time point of exposure to an intense laser Protein X appears to be completely immobilized in the membrane Protein X appears to be partially immobilized in the membrane You cannot make predictions about the mobility of Protein X with these data Protein X appears to be completely mobile in the membrane

Consider a triglyceride molecule (dietary fat) and it’s components. If a cell uses a triglyceride molecule as an energy source, at which processes (stages) of cell respiration do the components enter cell respiration?   3.Which phosphate bond in ATP is broken or made to release or contain energy? 4.Cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells is aerobic. Briefly define the term aerobic. 5.Consider question #4above. Briefly describethe role or function of oxygen in cellular respiration? 6.At which stage is the greatest amount of carbon dioxide released? 7.What is the function of the molecule NADHand FADH2? 8.What is the role of protons (hydrogen ions)in the electron transport chain. 9.Briefly describe the function of ATP synthase. 10.Briefly describe the mechanism of action for the poison cyanide.

Calculate the free energy changes at 20°C for the transmembrane movement of Na and K ions using the conditions presented Figure 9.1. Assume the membrane potential is -70 mV. Use 3 significant figures. AG (Na) - AG (K) = kJ. mol ¹ kJ mol2 A

Give typed full explanation

The diagram below shows three different proteins embedded in a cell membrane, as well as the concentration gradient surrounding the cell high concentration channel protein carrier protein lipid bilayer 1 21 3 low concentration Which of the following statements correctly states the process shown in the diagram? O The process labeled 1 shows how cells can easily move molecules with the concentration gradient using high energy molecules. The process labeled 2 shows how cells move molecules against the co entration gradient without needing hic energy molecules The process labeled 3 shows how cells use energy to facilitate the active transport of molecules against the concentration gradient All three processes show how molecules freely move in and out of the cell regardless of the concentration gradient or available en Previous

Do you think there are concentration gradients? If so, for which ions are there concentration gradients? Specify whether the concentration values of these ions are higher or lower inside the cell.

The binding of sodium ions (Na+) to a membrane protein is one of the first steps in initiation of the sodium-potassium pump that moves these ions across the membrane. The picture shows the inital set up in this process. How does the protein get the energy needed to continue the process of moving the (Na+) across the cell membrane? Membrane Protein ONa+ Inside the Cell A. O O Nat oc Outside the Cell Con Mitochondria will attach to the protein and provide the energy to push the Na+ through the protein. Energy from ADP is released and a channel in the membrane protein permanently B. opens, resulting in the passage of the Nat. Energy produced from the difference in solute concentration on both sides of the O c. membrane pulls the Na+ through the protein. Con с ATP attaches to the protein and releases a phosphate, making energy available to OD. change the shape of the protein and allowing the passage of the Nat.

Three proteins synthesized by ER-associated ribosomes (translation) Receptors in trans-face of the Golgi apparatus Receptor in plasma membrane Receptor in lysosome membrane Receptor in smooth ER

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