Crvical Cancer Screening Essay

HPV is so common in the United States that nearly all men and women will contract the virus at some point during life (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2017). In the United States, in 2008, it is reported that 3.2 million, or one in four adolescent women, ages 14 to 19 have had or have an STD (Kostas-Polston et al., 2012). The rate of HPV cases has only increased since 2008. The prevalence of a genital infection with any HPV type was 42.5% among United States during 2013–2014 (CDC, 2017). The incidence of HPV in the United States is about 14 million people each year.

HPV is by far the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 50 percent of all sexually active men and women will get it at some point in their lives, and 20 million already have it. A vaccine is available that prevents 70% of cervical cancers that arise from sexual intercourse. The human papillomavirus is unknowingly common and is diagnosed in 10,000 women a year, causing 4,000 deaths per year (“HPV Question and Answers”). If we take the responsibility to vaccinate young girls and boys, to be safe, we can eliminate many unnecessary deaths. This vaccine is a great discovery that should be put to good use, the HPV vaccine should be mandated in young teens everywhere.

There are many ethical and legal issues that count against a mandatory HPV vaccination for all girls aged 11-12 years old. First, the long-term safety and effectiveness of the vaccination is unknown (Javitt et al., 2008). Clinical trials conducted on the HPV vaccine concluded no short-term adverse effects, but as more girls and young women begin to get the vaccine some adverse effects may appear (Javitt et al., 2008). The extent immunity of the HPV vaccine is also unclear. Studies have shown the vaccine to be present in 3-4 year follow-ups, but the long-term effectiveness has not been studied (Javitt et al., 2008). Furthermore, HPV has a long incubation period, which would only affect a small amount of individuals many years after they finish school (Stewart, 2008).

Prophylactic vaccination against high risk human papilloma virus 16 and 18 represents an exciting means of protection against HPV related malignancy. However, this strategy alone, even if there is a level of cross protection against other oncogenic viruses, cannot completely prevent cervical cancer. In some countries cervical screening programs have reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by up to 80 percent although this decline has now reached a plateau with current cancers occurring in patients who have failed to attend for screening or where the sensitivity of the tests have proved inadequate. Cervical screening is inevitably associated with significant anxiety for the many women who require investigation and treatment following abnormal cervical cytology. However, it is vitally important to stress the need for continued cervical screening to complement vaccination in order to optimize prevention in vaccines and prevent cervical cancer in older women where the value of vaccination is currently unclear. It is likely that vaccination will ultimately change the natural history of HPV disease by reducing the influence of the highly oncogenic types HPV 16 and 18. In the long term this is likely to lead to an increase in recommended screening intervals. HPV vaccination may also reduce

The HPV vaccine is cancer prevention. Over thousands of cases of HPV cancers are detected every year in men and women. The HPV vaccination is important because it can prevent these cancers. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved this vaccine and it is one hundred percent safe. This vaccine is preventive care for the second leading cancer in women. It has been proven to be one hundred percent effective in prevention of cervical cancer, but the vaccine must be given to children between the age of 11 -17 before they become sexually active. After the age seventeen with young women most become sexually active and receive their first pap smear from their gynecologist, receiving the vaccine at this point is not as effective in prevention of cancers. Another benefit of receiving the vaccine during adolescent, is it supports people who may not have the medical knowledge or access to regular medical services.

HPV is a virus that has been coursing through America since 1956 and was found to attribute to cervical cancer in 1984. It is a deadly infection that causes warts to appear on the body depending on the strain; it is transmitted several different ways such as skin-to-skin, sexual transmission and from mother to child via pregnancy. In 2006 the first HPV vaccination against four main strains of the virus was developed. This virus has been killing hundreds of thousands annually, in order to prevent further outbreaks we need to help provide awareness and immunizations affordable for everyone in order to prevent the spread of HPV. As HPV continues spreading throughout America it has become mandatory in some states for all females entering sixth grade must receive the vaccine with some medical/religious exceptions according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. “Since 2006, legislators in at least 42 states and territories have introduced legislation to: require the vaccine, fund or educate the public or school children about the HPV Vaccine. At least 25 states and territories have enacted legislation, including Colorado, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Utah Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin.” (CDC). In some of these states the health departments are providing the

Among the many arguments for mandatory HPV vaccination, the foremost is that it is an important medical achievement and a major public health milestone. This vaccine has proven to be one-hundred percent effective in preventing the 4 HPV strains that are responsible for seventy percent of cervical cancers and ninety percent of genital warts. In addition, no serious side effects have been identified. Because this vaccine is a preventive measure, administration before onset of sexual activity is ideal; however, even females who have been sexually active can still benefit from this vaccination (Perkins et al., 2010). Nationally and internationally, the HPV vaccine will significantly reduce disease burden by reducing monetary and psychological costs of invasive procedures that remove precancerous and cancerous lesions. By combining vaccination with routine Pap smear screening, these public health efforts have the remarkable opportunity to eradicate cervical cancer (Ramet et al., 2011).

A good history and clinical examination is sufficient for diagnosis. For women, swabs are taken from the cervix as part of a pap smear. A Pap smear detects any abnormal cells in the cervix, which may be a sign of precancerous change. A pap sample can also be used check the DNA of the virus, to detect its subtype. Women whose Pap tests are abnormal are asked to get Pap smears repeated over time, in order to detect the cancer at an early age. Pap smears are combined with HPV DNA Test for women aged over 30. In men, no specific test is needed - physical examination is sufficient for diagnosis.

This paper will discuss the background of HPV, review current surveillance and reporting methods, conduct a descriptive analysis HPV’s epidemiology, review how HPV is diagnosed, including national standards for screening and prevention, as well as a plan for addressing HPV as an advanced practice nurse, including outcome

This vaccine was considered a break through due to the fact it was the first vaccine developed to fight against cancer. The HPV vaccine, commonly called Gardasil, only endured six months of testing before being approved. Typically, vaccines go through several years of evaluation before it is made available to the public. The research found that the vaccine is nearly 100% effective at its job; however, it only works when given prior to exposure to the illness (Ballaro). For this reason, it is recommended that people should receive the vaccine at age eleven or twelve. Originally, the vaccine was only available for women between the ages of eleven and twenty-six (Ballaro). This was most likely due to the fact that women are more susceptible to develop cancers from an HPV infection. In 2014, the vaccine was approved to be given to men between the ages of eleven and twenty-one (Frey). Men up to age twenty-six can receive the vaccine if their immune system is compromised or if they have had sex with another man as gay and bisexual men are 17 times more likely to develop a cancer from HPV than straight men. (Frey; McGill). The vaccine is given in three shots and all are essential to receive total protection. Another type of vaccine, Cervarix, was created in 2009 to prevent HPV types 16 and 18. Cervarix does not protect from genital wart like Gardasil does and it is only available for women (Frey). Both vaccines can save

Today, vaccines are available that guard against certain types of HPV to help prevent cervical and other cancers around the genital area, as well as oropharyngeal cancers and genital warts. The CDC recommends that all preteens both girls and boys be vaccinated before age 13. Although, women can still get the vaccine through age 26 and men up to age 21, unless they have a weakened immune system, and then 26 is the maximum

Conclusion: The lack of HPV screening methods in men puts them at higher risk for contracting HPV and transmitting it to their partners. The studies showed that men carried the high risk type HPV which are associated with over 80% of anal cancer, also genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer and aides in the development of cervical dysplasia in

In 2012, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) reduced the frequency for Cervical Cancer Screenings, and as described in Kaiser’s article “Prevention Experts Propose Easing Advice on Number of Cervical Cancer Screenings, continues with reductions.” Even upon previous reduction of cervical screenings, there were still 11,955 reported diagnosis of cervical cancers in 2013 (Fowler, Saraiya, Moskosky, Miller, Gable & Mautone-Smith, 2017). Predominantly, most cervical cancers are due to the lack of screening for HPV and Cervical Cell changes (Andrews, 2017), and depending on a patient’s desire for pregnancy will allow a medical provider to determine the need for a Pap Smear or HPV Co-testing. These tests have different timeframes for

Most sexually active individuals will have detectable human papillomavirus (HPV) at least once in their lifetime. 14 million people are infected annually, and 79 million people have the prevalent infection. Approximate 5% of the cancers globally are HPV-associated anogenital or oral cancers (1). HPV is transmitted frequently between partners; more frequent transmission has been reported from females to males than from males to females (2). The incidence of anal and oral cancers related to HPV is increasing in the general population and is growing even faster among individuals who are immunocompromised because of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (3, 4). Two prophylactic vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) have been approved for a decade. Recently, the nonavalent vaccine including additional high-risk HPV types is promised to provide more coverage against cervical cancers (5). The HPV vaccine is recommended routinely for 11- or 12-year-olds, as well as for young men through age 21 years and young women through age 26 years who have not previously been vaccinated. HPV vaccine is also recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM), people living with HIV/AIDS, and immunocompromised persons through age 26 years. However, the high-risk HPV types included in the nonavalent vaccine contribute little to anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar and vaginal cancer (5, 6).

The Pittsburgh Cervical Cancer Screening Model (PCCSM) was used to estimate cancer risks for patients screened