Hpv and Epidemiology

Epidemiology defined: The basic science of public health in which the causing factor, population, frequency, and relevant intervention is found in the case of an outbreak.

Global health is the area of study, research and practice that prioritizes on improving health and achieves health equality for people in global context. My major concentration is Epidemiology which focuses on the patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions. The current booming researches in epidemiology are Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention and Cardiovascular Epidemiology. Epidemiology is going to help me to collect data and do research on reduction of number of Oral Cancer cases worldwide but concentrating in India.

I was drawn to the idea of not only focusing on one-on-one patient care that doctors provide, but also solving problems that affect the health of entire populations. The study of disease and health within populations; for instance, preventing disease, promoting health, and reducing health problems between groups are the main reasons I want to pursue an M.P.H focusing on epidemiology. These are my strongest interests because I believe they are important in improving our world’s health.

Did you know there is more of a link between cervical cancer and HPV than smoking and lung cancer? Cervical cancer is currently the fourth most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of death from cancer in women. Along with those statistics, human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted viral disease amongst men and women worldwide. The prevalence of women having a strain of HPV that ultimately leads to or increases the chance of cervical cancer is highly relatable. What is pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, prevention, and treatments of this ailment? You might ask will be covered in the next few pages of this paper.

HPV Virus is responsible for more than 70% of vulvar and vaginal cancers and 90% of cervical and anal cancers.Statistics reveal 33,200 HPV related cancers are reported in the United States each year(CDC,2014). There is no treatment for HPV virus infections as the natural immunity will clear the virus from the body over time. However there are ways to prevent the infection by preventive measures like condoms and vaccines to prevent cervical cancer in high risk individuals. There are two HPV vaccines mainly Gardasil and Cervarix which provide protection against HPV infection. HPV vaccines are recommended for boys and girls in the ages of 11 to 12 years as well as for teen boys and individuals with compromised immunity(CDC,2014). Catch up vaccines are recommended for men and women if

Most sexually active individuals will have detectable human papillomavirus (HPV) at least once in their lifetime. 14 million people are infected annually, and 79 million people have the prevalent infection. Approximate 5% of the cancers globally are HPV-associated anogenital or oral cancers (1). HPV is transmitted frequently between partners; more frequent transmission has been reported from females to males than from males to females (2). The incidence of anal and oral cancers related to HPV is increasing in the general population and is growing even faster among individuals who are immunocompromised because of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (3, 4). Two prophylactic vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) have been approved for a decade. Recently, the nonavalent vaccine including additional high-risk HPV types is promised to provide more coverage against cervical cancers (5). The HPV vaccine is recommended

Among the 12, 200 new cases of cervical cancer ninety-percent of them are caused or attributed to HPV.

This career path is not predicted to grow more than is normal, at about 10% from 2012 to 2022 (“Epidemiologists” U.S. Bureau), The demand for epidemiologists is expected to remain strong in governments but jobs could be limited due to funding issues. However, the public has had an increased demand for those in this field as interest has grown in public health and epidemiology. It is a competitive job market, but at the same time, it is highly diverse, and those willing to adapt are bound to do better than those who are close-minded in this field (“Epidemiologists” U.S.

I am so glad to read your post. As someone interested in Infection control epidemiology, your post gave me a firsthand exposure into the duties and responsibilities working in this field. Interacting with patients and educating them is one of my priority as a public health professional and this field helps me attain it. Having the prior knowledge in microbiology and immunology from medical school, and being familiar with most of the diseases and its symptoms, this is the suitable field for me. My question for you is, as an Infectious Disease epidemiologist, what is the most challenging aspect of this field? Also, biostatistics is a bit challenging topic as times for me, so I was wondering how did you develop the skills to analyze data efficiently?

In recent years, medical experts and public health advocates have increasingly become concerned about the growing underutilization of the HPV vaccination in the United States. While most agree that the issue deserves attentions, consensus dissolves around how to respond to the problem. This literature review examines the background of HPV, several approaches to ensuring that HPV vaccinations utilized. This paper also compares effectiveness, for females ages 12-26, of strategies and of the only vaccination approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for long term prevention of HPV, as well as consequent diseases/illnesses.

According to the National Cancer Institute, there were an estimated 12,360 new cases of cervical cancer and 4020 deaths in 2014. Seventy percent of these cases were caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a virus “spread by skin-to-skin contact” (Alexander, et al. 199). This virus can cause warts on the hands, feet, genital areas, of which 90% are caused from HPV, but in addition to cervical cancer, it may also cause cancer in many other parts of the body including head, neck, anal, and penial (Krishnan 2). All of this sounds pretty scary, however, much of it could be avoided with a simple series of HPV vaccinations. All of

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a virus that can cause both cervical cancer and/or genital warts. In most cases of HPV there are no symptoms and individuals are unaware that they have the virus (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d.). It can be spread through vaginal, anal and oral intercourse and is the most common STI (CDC, n.d.). In 2006 a vaccine was approved to protect against the types of HPV associated with the majority of cervical cancer and genital warts (Gardasil, 2014). I have found through my clinical experience that many parents are unsure if their child should receive the HPV vaccination. There are many factors including baseline knowledge, safety, effectiveness, cost, values/beliefs

Epidemiology is a discipline that describes, quantifies, and postulates causal mechanisms for health phenomena in populations (Friis & Sellers, 2014). They are applied to better understand, perhaps manage population’s health challenges. Epidemiology can be applied to the study of a deadly virus called Ebola. The Ebola virus disease was identified in 1976, and fatalities peaked due to uncontrolled outbreaks starting in Central Africa.

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States among teens and young adults (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). HPV is known to attack epithelial cells and as many as 75% to 80% of males and females can become infected in their lifetime (Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., 2012). There are many different strains—some of which cause no symptoms and others that can cause genital warts, as well as various types of oropharyngeal and/or anogenital cancers. There are currently three vaccines licensed by the FDA since 2006—Cervarix, Gardasil, and Gardasil 9. These vaccines are a 3-dose series recommended for routine use among girls and boys at ages 11 and 12, and ages 13-26 for those who have not previously been infected. Although these vaccines do not protect against all HPV strains, they do protect against the two most common high-risk (cancer-causing) strains—types 16 and 18. In addition to preventing types 16 and 18, the Gardasil vaccine protects against the two most common low-risk (genital warts-causing) strains and the Gardasil 9 vaccine protects against five additional cancer-causing strains, as well as the other strains previously mentioned. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015)The purpose of the Bauldur-Felskov et al (2014) study was to assess the efficacy of the HPV vaccine against cervical lesions by comparing the incidence trends before and after the vaccination program was first implemented.

When reading your post, I noticed you chose surveillance as the core function of great relevance to you. Surveillance, in epidemiology, used to be focused on the spread of epidemics as the name implies, nowadays, it progressed from that to being interested about other issues of health. For example, it is also interested about the incidence of cardiovascular disease is certain populations, diabetes, obesity, etc. It has to do with the distribution of diseases and factors related to health.