Cervical Cancer Essay

Cervical cancer is when there are malignant cells present in the cervix; it is developed in the lining of the cervix. A cervix is a narrow opening located at the bottom of the uterus that leads into the vagina. Cervical cancer mostly affects women between the ages of 40 and 55. This cancer can be prevented by screening for precancerous cells, and it can also be cured if it is detected at an early stage. Over the past few decades the number of cervical cancer cases has declined dramatically due to a more widespread screening of the disease. Today, it is estimated that 10,000 new

You may be screened for cervical cancer more often if you have risk factors for cervical cancer

In the United States, it is one of the eight-most common cancer of women. According to researches, the data shows that Hispanic women are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with cervical cancer than the general population and their median age at diagnosis is 48. In 1998, about 12,800 women were diagnosed in the US and about 4,800 died. Among cancers of the female reproductive tract, it is less common than endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. The rates of new cases in the United States was 7 per 100,000 women in 2004. Cervical cancer deaths decreased by approximately 74% in the

Early detection of breast and cervical cancer reduced the burden of disease in women. The practices of Screening shown reduce the level of mortality and improve quality of life. The Every Woman Matters (EWM)stared in 1992 it is a federally-funded program designed to remove barrier to early screening by providing awareness and make screening more financially accessible to woman who have limited or no health insurance. The eligible women receive pay for office visits with associated clinical breast examination, pelvic examination, Papanicolaou smear test, and lab fees (Backer et al., 2004). Age-appropriate mammography and limited number of diagnostic test is also covered under program. In this paper I will

The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends cervical cancer screening with cytology testing (also known as a Pap Smear) every three years in women ages 21 to 65 (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force [USPSTF], 2016a). The USPSTF has graded this recommendation with an “A” indicating that they have a high level of certainty that the screening will prove to be beneficial, rather than harmful to the patient (USPSTF, 2016a). However, if this patient would prefer to receive cervical cancer screening every five years, the USPSTF also has a high level of certainty that this will prove to beneficial rather than harmful if human papillomavirus (HPV) and cytology are both performed during this screening (USPSTF, 2016a). The

Prophylactic vaccination against high risk human papilloma virus 16 and 18 represents an exciting means of protection against HPV related malignancy. However, this strategy alone, even if there is a level of cross protection against other oncogenic viruses, cannot completely prevent cervical cancer. In some countries cervical screening programs have reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by up to 80 percent although this decline has now reached a plateau with current cancers occurring in patients who have failed to attend for screening or where the sensitivity of the tests have proved inadequate. Cervical screening is inevitably associated with significant anxiety for the many women who require investigation and treatment following abnormal cervical cytology. However, it is vitally important to stress the need for continued cervical screening to complement vaccination in order to optimize prevention in vaccines and prevent cervical cancer in older women where the value of vaccination is currently unclear. It is likely that vaccination will ultimately change the natural history of HPV disease by reducing the influence of the highly oncogenic types HPV 16 and 18. In the long term this is likely to lead to an increase in recommended screening intervals. HPV vaccination may also reduce

The study was a secondary data analysis of existing patient records (record-based). This study made use of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database .The NIS database was developed by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). The NIS is the largest inpatient care database in the United States containing data from 1988 to 2013. It includes about 98 percent of all hospital discharges in the United States. NIS is a sample of hospitals that comprises approximately 95 percent of all hospital discharges in the United States. It consists of over hundred nonclinical and clinical data elements for each hospital stay. The four most recent available calendar years (2010 to 2013) were obtained for the analyses of cervical cancer mortality

Almost all cervical carcinomas are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer can be a life-threating disease. However, over recent years the occurrence of cervical cancer has declined as well as the chance of dying from it. A huge contributing factor to this decline is the importance of a regular pap smear. A pap smear can find cervical pre-cancer before it turns into cancer. Recently, a vaccine for HPV, has been on the market, which provides close to a 100% protection against pre-cancer and general warts. HPV and cervical cancer are two disease that are closely related. However, each disease effects not only similar populations, but also different populations, as well as having its own signs and symptoms, detection procedures,

Cervical cancer is one of the highly popular disease for the women. Different programmes has been made up to fight against this deadly disease. New Zealand has one of the best screening programmes in the world. The establishment of National Cervical Cancer Screening Programme in NZ in 1990 had reduced a significant number of 60% of women who develop cervical cancer and who die from it since it was built. More than 1 million New Zealander women are enrolled in this programme and 95 % are eligible. The Cervical Cancer screening programme aims to; informing women about the importance of having the cervical screening tests; promoting cervical screening tests on a regular basis to women aged 20–70; ensuring high-quality and culturally appropriate services; supporting women with abnormal tests; ensuring there is regular monitoring to see that the goals of the programme are being met. The NCSP also acknowledges the importance of the Treaty of Waitangi in providing a screening programme that is successful for all New Zealand women.

Early detection of cancer is key, and the Pap smear is a screening tool that not only identifies cancerous cells, but also precancerous cells (Jin, 2014). This screening tool can be uncomfortable, and may make the patient apprehensive. It would be essential for this author to educate the patient regarding testing importance. Pap Smears are recommended for young women aged 21 or greater (Jin, 2014). Annual screening is no longer recommended if the patient is engaging in a monogamous relationship, and has had no changes. Up until age 30, pap smears are recommended every three years. Afterward, they can continue to be given every three years or every five years with HPV testing in addition (Jin, 2014). Based on results, further testing may be indicated in order to determine an accurate

The election of 2000 was the closest and most controversial election in all U.S. history. This event was the fierce competition full of irregularities and unfairness between George W. Bush and Al Gore to become the first president elected in the 21st century that turned into an intense political and legal battle to decide the presidency. It was such an interesting and unique election because unlike how elections are supposed to work, the election of 2000, for many unique reasons, did not end with a clear winner. This event was not only an election, but a test of american democracy that challenged many people’s trust in the american court system, and left millions of americans asking the question, who really won the election of

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in the United States (Ault, 2006). Almost all sexually active men and women will contract HPV at least once during their lifetime (What is HPV?, 2015). Sexually active women below the age of twenty-five consistently have the highest rates of infection (Ault, 2006). The development of the HPV vaccine in 2006 has decreased the prevalence of infection from 11.5% to 5.1% among females ages 14 to 19 (CDC, 2015). High-risk strains of HPV are also “detected in 99% of cervical cancer cases” (Valdez, Stuart, Tanjasari, Levy, & Garza, 2015, p. 106). Therefore HPV infection is one of the most significant risk factors in the development of cervical cancer.

Beginning since 2012, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has reduced the frequency for Cervical Cancer Screenings, and begins to continue with reducing recommendation as described in Kaiser’s article “Prevention Experts Propose Easing Advice on Number of Cervical Cancer Screenings.” This reduction came in 2013, 11,955 women were diagnosed with Cervical Cancer (Fowler, Saraiya, Moskosky, Miller, Gable & Mautone-Smith, 2017). The determination of which testing, Pap Smear or HPV Co- Testing, is based on the patient education, and future desire of pregnancy. Predominantly most cervical cancers are due to the lack of screening (Andrews, 2017). A plan based on education and notification would be more beneficial than a continued over

HPV screening is accomplished by way of cervical cancer screening. In 2014, the fda approved the first hpv test for primary screening in females ages 25 to 65, however, current national guidelines are for the use of hpv testing to detect oncogenic serotypes, in the presence of an abnormal Pap test CITE 6 3. The current screening recommendations of the American Cancer Society, the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, the American Society for Clinical Pathology, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists as well as the U.S. Preventative Task force do not recommend cervical cancer screening for women under the age of 21. Between the ages of 21 and 29, the recommendation is for screening with a

The three main philosophies of China helped shape early Chinese civilization; Mandate of Heaven, Confucianism, and Legalism. The Mandate of Heaven was a belief that the Emperor was sufficiently virtuous to rule. This explained the legitimacy of rulers. Confucianism was a philosophy created by Confucius, hoping it would lead to a more stable state in the society. As a philosophy believed longest, Confucianism provided basic foundation for moral, social, and politic norm for Chinese society. Legalism, developed by Han Fei, intended to bring strength and unity of the nation by emphasizing strong punishments and reward, tradition, and family. Legalism introduced clear laws and bureaucratic government. Overall, between the time period from 221 BCE to 618CE, change was shown in Legalism over time, while continuity was shown in Confucianism and Mandate of Heaven.