Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321616678
Author: Jon C. Herron, Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 4, Problem 14Q
Examine the three primate phylogenies shown in Figure 4.40. Do the three phylogenies show the same relationships and the same order of branching? Do the phylogenies appear to lend different levels of support to the misconception that humans are the “highest” species of primate? Explain.
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Below is a phylogenetic tree of primates.
Bush babies,
lemurs,
pottos
Tarsiers
Monkeys
Gibbons
Family Hylobatidae
Orangutans
Subfamily Ponginae
Gorillas
Family
Hominidae
Tribe Gorillini
Chimpanzees
Tribe Panini
Subfamily
Homininae
ko Humans
Tribe Hominini
Which of the following is NOT a monophyletic
group?
O Gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, humans,
chimpanzees
O humans
Gibbons, orangutans, monkeys
Chimpanzees, humans
Strepsirrhini
Haplorrhini
Anthropoidea
Hominoidea
For each statement about the trees shown below, indicate whether it is TRUE (1) or FALSE (2).
These trees show that there are far more species of tetrapods (vertebrates with four limbs) than there are of bony fishes.
Only tree 1 is accurate because it shows humans, the most complex species, at one end and fishes, the simplest lineage, at the other end.
Humans and lizards are equally closely related to frogs according to both trees.
The only difference between these two trees is that some of the internal nodes have been rotated. They show the same topology and therefore represent the same evolutionary relationships.
The lineage represented by fishes has been evolving for a much longer time than the lineage represented by lizards.
Answer the following questions about this phylogenetic tree.
What animal represents the out group in this tree and why?
What is the derived characteristic of the birds?
What is the shared characteristic of 3 to 6?
Which number represents the common ancestor of Ostriches and Hawks?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
Ch. 4 - According to the evolutionary tree in Figure 4.37,...Ch. 4 - According to the evolutionary tree in Figure 4.37,...Ch. 4 - Sketch a version of the tree in Figure 4.37 in...Ch. 4 - In the tree in Figure 4.37, identify a...Ch. 4 - What is a synapomorphy?Ch. 4 - High-crowned teeth that are well suited for...Ch. 4 - Assuming the four living species in Figure 4.38...Ch. 4 - The four fish in Figure 4.39 evolved from a common...Ch. 4 - What is homoplasy? Why does homoplasy make it more...Ch. 4 - Referring to the information in Figure 4.10,...
Ch. 4 - What is the difference between a molecular...Ch. 4 - Why is it seldom possible to exhaustively check...Ch. 4 - A clade in a phylogeny bears a label at its base...Ch. 4 - Examine the three primate phylogenies shown in...Ch. 4 - Historically, some scientists hypothesized that...Ch. 4 - Sketch the tree you would expect for dogs, wolves,...Ch. 4 - Darwin maintained that among living species, there...
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- What are your thoughts on the followig paragraph below? Understanding the classification of primates in this module helped me digest past modules' material on taxonomy. I learnt that there are differenet divisions, orders, and categories of primates. The two suborders of primates are Strepsirhini and Haplorhini. This furthered my understanding on what makes us human and what similarities and differences we share with other primates. I had heard of many of these factors before such as bipedalism and being able to use tools, but one I hadn't heard of is knucklewalking. This term refers to a way of walking on all 4s commonly used by African apes. It was truly interesting to see how closely we are related to monkeys from our behaviors, features, and mroe. An aha moment I had was learning about the number of primates that include 230 species. The way they are geographically spread was even more interesting. Apes are common in South Africa and South Asia even though these 2 places are…arrow_forwardDraw a phylogenetic reconstruction for the hypothetical frog species. Once you have a cladogram you feel confident about, use lines and labels on cladogram to indicate where character states hanged. How many evolutionary changes occurred in your phylogeny? Is there evidence of an evolutionary convergence having occurred in your phylogeny? How about evolutionary reversals?arrow_forwardWhat trait separates amphibians from primates on this cladogram? What separates rabbits and primates from crocodiles on this cladogram? Which organism is most related to the bird on this cladogram? What 5 traits do these two organisms share? Which organism will have DNA most similar to the bird? Which organism's DNA will differ the most from the bird?arrow_forward
- Consider the following traits: Opposable thumbs, forward-facing eyes, nails, tactile fingerpads, large brain, and protective bony eye orbits. All of these are examples of: Group of answer choices Ancestral traits of primates shared with the mammalian common ancestor. Traits lost by primates that were present the mammalian common ancestor. Derived traits of primates not present in the mammalian common ancestor. Derived traits of primates shared with the mammalian common ancestor.arrow_forwardExamine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Which statements are correctly inferred from this tree? Select all that apply. A) The mammals are the outgroup in this tree. B) Birds and dinosaurs share a recent common ancestor. C) Mammals and birds are more closely related than any other species. D) Turtles are equally as diverged from lizards and snakes as they are from crocodiles. E) Lizards and snakes are more recently diverged from each other than they are from crocodiles.arrow_forwardPlease use the following data table of mesodermal patterning and homeobox genes to help you reconstruct a most parsimonious tree of basal Animals: "1" means the gene is present in that taxon, and "0" means it is absent. Please use these taxa as tips on your tree and indicate where on the tree each gene evollved. Mesodermal patterning genes and Homeodomains (Homeobox genes) Таха COL TALE AMPA POU Erb-B HNF PROS SINE CASK GRIP S-50 recep. recep. PRD Bilateria 1. 1 1 1 1 1 Choanoflagellata 1 1 1. Cnidaria 1 Ctenophora 1 1 1 1 1 Placozoa 1 1 0. 1 Porifera 1 0. 0. Fungiarrow_forward
- Envision the evolution of the primate group.arrow_forwardBecause the genomes of chimpanzees and humans are almost identical, and the difference between them are no greater than any two humans, their classification has been changed. Chimpanzees and humans are placed in the same family and subfamily. They are in different “tribes”, which is a rarely used classification category between subfamily and genus. The former classification of chimpanzees and humans placed them in different families. Do you believe that chimpanzees should be classified in the same family and/or subfamily as humans? Or do you prefer the previous classification? Which way seems prejudicial? Give your reasoningsarrow_forwardDraw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. How many evolutionary changes are required in each tree? Which tree is most parsimonious? Character Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Tuna Salamander Turtle Leopard Dolphin 1. Backbone 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2. Hinged Jaw 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3. Four Limbs 0 0 0 1 1 1 1* 4. Amnion 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 5. Milk 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6. Dorsal fin 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 *Dolphins have 4 limbs (2 fins and 2 hind limb buds as embryos)arrow_forward
- Make a table separating the animals based on the physical properties such as: I. Presence or absence of a backbone II. Ability to breathe in air or water III. Cold or warm blooded IV. Carnivore, herbivore, or omnivore V. Presence or absence of hair/fur VI. Any other external structure such as horns After that, construct a phylogenetic tree (example is on the picture I uploaded)arrow_forwardA 2015 article in Nature has summarized the early history of jawed vertebrates using highlights from recent discoveries and how they have changed our understanding of vertebrate evolution. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140416133336.htm Question: Given these recent discoveries, how should the cladogram below change? Describe it. It will likely be helpful to reference a synapomorphy noted on the cladogram.arrow_forwardDescribe 4 ways that tend to distinguish each of the following taxonomic groups: all primates from other mammals; strepsirrhines from haplorhines; catarrhines from platyrrhines; colobines from cercopithicoids; hominoids from other primates.arrow_forward
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Phylogenetic Mysteries: Crash Course Zoology #12; Author: CrashCourse;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVaw7nF72Aw;License: Standard youtube license