Glomerulus

Patient: M.H. 80 year old female experiencing renal failure. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses

gy 2) All plants and animals are made up of cells and all cells are surrounded by a membrane. Any ion or molecule that the cell needs to either use or get rid of requires the ability to move through the cell membrane. Diffusion in plant and animal cells is the spontaneous net movement of ions and molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, this is also referred to as moving down a concentration gradient. The movement of molecules and ions during diffusion is known

inverse relationship to GFR. Thus, a rise in S.Cr is associated with a corresponding decrease in GFR and generally implies a reduction in kidney function and vice versa. There are limitations, however, with the use of S.Cr as a marker for AKI. First, S.Cr values may not show significant increases until approximately 50% of kidney function is lost. Second, several drugs can impair creatinine secretion and so could potentially cause a transient and reversible increase in S.Cr (i.e. trimethoprim, cimetidine)

Nephrotoxicity is a common and serious complication of aminoglycoside therapy. This complication occurs as a result of acute tubular necrosis. When filtered across the glomerulus, aminoglycosides are partially accumulated in the proximal tubular cells and cause damage. Due to the time period it takes for the medication to accumulate, renal damage may not be apparent for several days even after the medication has been discontinued. Proximal tubules can regenerate, thus when damage occurs renal function

Acute Renal Failure 1 Jose Roman Med 2049 Acute Renal Failure Instructor Michelle Earixson-Lamothe

SLEDAI has been shown to be reliable and reproducible when used by various investigators, and sensitive to change in patient condition but it doesn 't measure worsening of an already existing sign or symptom, nor does it detect partial improvement if some degree of residual symptom remains. Both of these limits might contribute in narrowing the gap between the observed effects of placebo treatment and that of a potentially useful medication. The SLEDAI also doesn 't account for subjective symptoms

Materials/Methods and Results-Haematology Practical Haemoglobin Estimation: To determine the amount of haemoglobin concentration in the patient’s blood, an anticoagulated blood sample from the patient and a healthy control, were lysed by converting haemoglobin into cyanmethaemoglobin. Potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide are used for this conversion to occur, and the absorbance of this colouring was measured at 540nm using a spectrophotometer. The results were recorded for the patient and

Blood pressure is measured by systolic and diastolic rates. The larger systolic number is when the heart is contracting. The smaller diastolic number is when the heart is not contracting and at rest. These pressures are measured in mmHg. Normal blood pressure the systolic pressure is below 120 and the diastolic pressure is less than 80. Pre-hypertension blood pressure the systolic pressure is 120 to 139 and the diastolic pressure is 80 to 90. Hypertension is high blood pressure when systolic pressure

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are lab made chemical compounds that are linear and cyclic hydrocarbons who have a low molecular weight. Liquid Perfluorocarbons are formed when hydrogen ions in hydrocarbons have been replaced with fluorine atoms since they are neutral chemical compounds (Veni et al. 39). Perfluorocarbons are also chemically inert—not chemically reactive—due to the strength of the carbon-fluorine bonds (Anilkumar et al. 478). Perfluorocarbons are made into Perfluorocarbon artificial blood

situated towards the back of the body under the ribs, just at the level of the waist, with one on each side of the body. Each kidney is composed of about one million units called nephrons, and each nephron consists of two parts: a filter, called the glomerulus and a tubule leading out from the nephrons (Cameron 1999). According to Marshall and Bangert (2008), the kidneys have three major functions: firstly, the kidneys excrete waste from plasma in the blood. Secondly, they maintain extracellular fluid