S. Cr Case Study

Hypoalbuminemia can cause osmotic pressure which leads to a shift of fluid from the bloodstream to the interstitial tissue causing edema. A decreased in the blood volume from the fluid shift triggers the kidney to preserve water and sodium which leads the edema to becoming worse. Anemia, peritonitis, infection, thrombosis, poor growth and renal failure are some complications of Nephrotic Syndrome (Kyle & Carman, 2013).

The serum creatine levels, the BUN, the urinary potassium, the serum pH and sodium clacium are high.

Both of our kidneys functions to filter and excrete waste products and toxins by regulating fluids, electrolytes, and acid based balance. If the Renal blood flow is altered then the glomerular filtration rate will be altered as well. A decrease in systemic pressure stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to constrict the renal artery and decreases filtration and secretion in the kidney. In addition, a tubular obstruction can lead to the reduction of Glomerular filtration rate. An elevated intracellular calcium level due to tubular damage may alter cellular level that increases tubuloglomerular feedback and diminishes GFR. This may be prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal. The prerenal will result from any condition outside of the kidney that disables the blood to flow to the renal vasculature causing a decrease in perfusion in the glomerulus leading to oliguria. However, both of the kidneys can still return to its full normal function on this stage. Second of the three is intrarenal, where anything can cause a direct damage to both of the kidneys such as infections, toxins, reduce blood supply, hypertension, diabetes, and even glomerulonephritis. The most common intrarenal condition is Acute Tubular Necrosis, where the epithelial layer of the nephrons are damaged causing a change in the concentration of urine, waste filtration, and an imbalance in electrolytes and acid

* 8. What was the mean severity for renal disease for the research subjects? What was the dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity scores? Did the severity scores vary significantly between the control and the experimental groups? Is this important? Provide a rationale for your answer.

CKD will cause the body to retain many excess fluids and waste that are normally filtered out to prevent internal harm throughout the body. With kidney disease there will be a rise in blood pressure due to the amount of extra fluid that is retained in the blood vessels. This fluid retention will cause the passageways to become narrow and make blood passage through the vessels increasingly difficult, in turn causing an increase in blood pressure. There will also be an increase in protein and blood found in the urine because it is not filtered out properly by the kidneys. Swelling will occur in the extremities and around the eyes because of the fluid retention as well. The longer the urine goes unfiltered the harder it may become to urinate due to pain or blockage or there may be more frequent night time urination (The National Kidney Foundation, 12).

>>Increasing the afferent arteriole radius pushed the glomerular pressure, the glomerular filtration rate, and the volume of urine to be higher than the baseline data. Increasing the afferent arteriole radius increased the glomerular filtration rate.

This change in RBF is most apparent in age 50 and will steadily decline by 10% per decade (Digiovanna, 2000). This decline is due to a multitude of dilation and constriction changes. Firstly, the renal arteries (e.g. accurate and interlobular) lose their shape and curve. Secondly, calcium builds up on the renal artery walls. Finally, the increased production of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide is responsible for the decline in renal blood flow (Čukuranović and Vlajković, 2005). The decline in RBF is the main cause for most the of the declines in renal physiological function: filtration, reabsorption, and hormone secretion (Digiovanna, 2000). The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) can also lead to arterial constriction and can further the aging affects on RBF (Digiovana,

Using an existing National VA AKI-CKD study cohort extracted from the VA CDW containing electronic medical records, I will identify those in the cohort diagnosed with AKI using KDIGO along with associated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnostic codes for AKI or acute renal failure as inclusion criteria in my study population (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), 2012). I will exclude those who do not fit the set cohort criteria.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is often characterized by a rapid decline in renal excretory function, and/or a significant decrease in urine output (SOURCE). The exact level of function loss required to be defined as AKI has been debated; however, the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) has released a widely accepted system used to define AKI and its varying levels of severity (1). The stages of AKI severity are classified as: risk, injury, failure, loss of function, and end-stage kidney disease, collectively referred to as RIFLE, as illustrated in Figure 1. Severity is defined based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine output criteria. GFR criteria includes serum creatinine concentration (Screat) and GFR, with an increase in Screat or a

1.Glomerulotubular Balance- this is a local renal mechanism. The proximal tubule is involved, and changes in oncotic pressure. Changes in hydrostatic pressure and delivery of certain solutes. When GFR increases protein concentration in efferent arteriole increases. Along with increase in oncotic pressure in peritubular capillaries. Increased gradient for reabsorption and balances increasing GFR on volume of fluid exiting proximal tubule.

Avoidance of other nephrotoxic drugs is equally important; therefore, the other 3 answer choices are incorrect.

Baydar and Gunn (1991) specifically investigated the relationship between the time mothers returned to work and the cognitive development of children. The second and third quarters of infancy seem to be significant periods for the formation of secure attachments between mother and child, and interruptions in this process can lead to detrimental effects on the child’s development. This study focused on the cognitive outcomes of 3 and 4 year olds, as measured by various tests and surveys. Baydar and Gunn (1991) found significant negative effects on cognitive developments of 3 and 4 year olds when the mother returned to work during these quarters of their child’s first year, as indicated by their low scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

In the human body, there are systems that provide different functions and help the body to operate more efficiently. The urinary system is one in particular designed to help the body remain free of excess that we no longer need. “The urinary tract is the drainage system used for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of “bean-shaped” organs, each about the size of a fist. The kidneys are located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, towards the middle of the back.” (NIDDK, 2013) Every several minutes, your kidneys filter around three ounces of blood, also then removing wastes and extra water. That extra water and

How many of us really think about our ability to urinate, I know I never did, but for my Uncle and Cousin, they could only wish to do what comes so naturally to us. When you have kidney disease and suffer Renal failure, which is what both of my relative's had, the kidneys are unable to remove those wastes through urinating. When the kidneys no longer perform these functions adequately, wastes and excess fluid build up in the blood. Some of the warning signs of kidney disease are as follows: