Advantages And Disadvantages Of Perfluorocarbons

To explain the ABO and Rh blood groups and to identify the universal donor and the universal acceptor (recipient).

Fluorine’s normal boiling point is -188.11 oC, -306.6 oF, or 85.04 K (Fluorine). Fluorine’s thermal conductivity is 0.000279 W/cmK (Periodic). The density of fluorine is 1.696 grams per liter at 273 K and 1 atmospheric pressure (Periodic). Ductility and malleability are unavailable for Fluorine since it is a non-metal. Fluorine’s natural occurring isotope has a mass number of 19 and an abundance of 100% (The Element). Fluorine has man-made isotopes with mass numbers between 14-31 (The Element). Fluorine is reacts explosively with hydrogen even in the dark and at low temperatures (Periodic). It also reacts violently with water, forming hydrogen fluoride (Periodic). Fluorine does not react directly with oxygen or nitrogen and combines with chlorine only with heat (Periodic). These are a lot of the attributes of

PFOA is found in the ambient environments of soil, sediment, and surface and groundwater (Amarelo, 2017); researchers predict PFOA will settle to the soil within days of being released into the environment (Pennsylvania Dept. of Health, 2015). PFOA that exists in the environment does not delineate (Liou et al., 2010; Steenland and Woskie, 2012). Light decomposition of compounds with a carbon fluorine chain, such as PFOA, occurs at extremely slow (European Chemical Agency, 2013). This causes the compound to bioaccumulate not only in organisms, but in the food chain as well (European Chemical Agency, 2013; Environmental Protection Agency, 2014).

Hemoglobin is a globular protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide to the lung for release. This protein expresses cooperative binding, which makes it ideal for gaseous transport throughout the body. Another protein, myoglobin, has a higher affinity for oxygen in comparison to hemoglobin and is located at the tissues to accept the oxygen from hemoglobin. The kidney hormone erythropoietin (EPO) is the primary regulator of erythropoiesis, which is the production of red blood cells. The body increases the production of this hormone in response to low oxygen conditions to increase the number of oxygen carriers in the blood.

Your drinking water is also a concern since fluoride is now classified as a neurotoxin. One thing that is easy enough to do is to use a fluoride filter. These can be

Biopure Corporation was founded in 1984 by Carl Rausch and David Judelson and quickly became one of three legitimate contenders in the emerging field of blood substitutes. The primary goal of Biopure was to develop a human blood substitute that replicates the oxygen carrying function of blood without the limitations of blood donations. After many years of research and development and over $200 million dollars invested, Biopure had developed two blood substitutes. Hemopure was the human blood substitute and Oxyglobin was created for the animal market. In 1998, Oxyglobin received FDA approval for commercial launch of the product but Hemopure was still 1-2 years away. The approval of Oxyglobin left Biopure the difficult decision on releasing

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-containing inhalers, or CFC propellants, were commonly used in US inhalers prescribed to treat asthma and COPD (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1344).   However, CFC is an organic compound that accumulates in the stratosphere (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1344). CFC causes deleterious effects on the atmosphere and thus reduces the protective effects the stratosphere has in minimizing ultraviolet B radiation (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1344).  “The World Health Organization estimated that a 10% decrease in stratospheric ozone levels would lead to an additional 300,000 non-melanomas and 4500 melanoma skin cancers worldwide annually” (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1344).

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been a public health and environmental concern for many years given their persistence in the environment, tendency to bioaccumulate, and toxic, carcinogenic, and endocrine-disrupting potentials (Bonefeld-Jorgensen 2014). Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals (PFCs) is one such family, chemically characterised by a fluorinated linear carbon chain with a hydrophilic head (Volkel 2008). Due to its stability, amphiphilicity, and non-flammability (Lau 2007, Kotthoff 2015), PFCs are commonly used to aid the industrial production of textiles, food packages, and cookware (Kotthoff 2015, Humblet 2014). PFCs can remain in the environment and bioconcentrate in animals (Lau 2007).

In 1998, Biopure Corporation is one of the three legitimate contenders in the emerging field of “blood substitutes”. Biopure has invested $200M on the R&D on blood substitutes in the past with its primary goal being the development of a human blood substitute ( Hemopure) but Its entry into animal market (Oxyglobin) had been some

Fluorine does get along well with other chemicals and substances due to being extremely reactive with pretty much everything. It reacts violently with water by producing a bright flame, which leads to the production of hydrofluoric acid and oxygen. However, fluorine does not react with pure oxygen itself. It does react with some of its halogen friends, chlorine and bromine, easily to form interhalogen species. However, fluorine has difficulty reacting with iodine and rarely, if ever, reacts with astatine. Fluorine reacts only with dilute acids and bases and normally involves being mixed with water in order to result in any sort of reaction

What is synthetic blood? Synthetic blood is a product that was produced to replace red blood cells. It is specifically designed to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. How synthetic blood is made depends on what type it is, it could be made by using either of these 3 ways; synthetic production,chemical isolation, or recombinant biochemical technology. Synthetic blood has several advantages over real blood. Synthetic blood has a longer shelf life than real blood, they can be stored for one to three years without refrigeration. Unlike real blood, synthetic blood can be given to any patient regardless of their blood type. The patients given synthetic blood will not experience immunologic reactions, but if given incompatible

Fluorine is added in water in certain countries and used in toothpaste so that it can strengthen people’s teeth.

5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a pyrimidine antagonist which belongs to the group of antimetabolite anticancer drugs. It is an analogue of uracil with a fluorine atom at the C-5 position in place of hydrogen. It enters the cell rapidly using the same facilitated transport mechanism as uracil. They show pharmacodynamics pathway by incorporation of drug metabolites in DNA or RNA or through inhibition of proteins involved in nucleotide metabolism. It also acts by inhibiting thymidylate synthase (TYMS). The fluoropyrimidines are broken down into three active metabolites that contain pharmacodynamic effects; which are fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), fluoro-deoxyuridine triphosphate (FdUTP) and fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP) that act through

In the 1950’s DuPont, an American industrial conglomerate, started producing Teflon at its Washington Works Plant near Parkersburg, WV; a couple of hours southeast of Columbus, Ohio on the Ohio River. Teflon is a non-stick coating commonly found on water-resistant clothing, cookware, among other things. One of the main byproducts of Teflon is perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), more commonly known as C8. DuPont 's Washington Works plant released C8 into the air as well as the Ohio River until 2001, at which point abnormally high levels of the acid were detected in drinking water supplies throughout the river in Little Hocking, Ohio. The Little Hocking water system consists of five groundwater wells located immediately west (downstream) of the Ohio River and it took approximately 50 years for the C8 released into the Ohio River to reach the well fields. This is because contaminates were transferred via groundwater, which travels much slower than the river’s surface water. However, once the C8 had infiltrated the wells, an estimated 70,000 people were exposed to contaminated water. Shortly after the harmful levels of C8 were detected in the well fields, exposure to C8 was linked to cases of kidney cancer, testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, pregnancy induced hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. As a result, in 2005, customers of Little Hocking Water (LHWA) along with five other rural water systems (Lubeck Public Service District, West Virginia; City of

Researchers are working on ways to develop an artificial blood. So far, no good replacement for human blood is available.