Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134605173
Author: Mark F. Sanders, John L. Bowman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter D, Problem 2P
What insights have analyses of human mitochondrial DNA provided into our recent evolutionary past?
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Chapter D Solutions
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
Ch. D - Why might mitochondrial, Y chromosome, and...Ch. D - What insights have analyses of human mitochondrial...Ch. D - What lines of evidence support the hypothesis that...Ch. D - Discuss how both gains and losses of regulatory...Ch. D - D.5 How do copy number variants arise? Do they...Ch. D - Consider possible societal and ethical dilemmas...Ch. D - Prob. 7PCh. D - Describe how selection at a locus can result in a...Ch. D - D.9 How can ancient DNA provide insight into past...Ch. D - D.10 Denisovans are known from bones found in...
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- Biologists have studied many different species, including humans, and have estimated that it takes500,000 years for 1% of the mitochondrial DNA to be changed by mutation. (This is an estimated mutationrate, and is currently being debated). Given that rate of mutation, we can estimate how long two groupshave been reproductively separated by multiplying 500,000 years by the percentage of difference. (If thegroups are 0.3% different: 500,000 x 0.3 = 150,000 years)A representative sample of different human geographical/racial DNA has been collected and analyzed.When all of the different mutations were counted, scientists found that only 0.4% of the DNA of modernhumans has been mutated. How many years have modern humans been on the planet?Archeologists have found skeletal evidence of a modern-type human who lived on this planet about100,000 years ago. You will investigate a partial answer to these questions.Two important questions we will be addressing in this part of the lab are:1) Where…arrow_forwardHow does genetics provide strong evidences of evolution of life?arrow_forwardThe phylogenetic tree for vertebrates depicted below was constructed from sequence data for two rRNA mitochondrial genes (12S and 16S). How do the results of this analysis compare with the phylogenetic trees in Figures 32.10 and 32.24? Identify the major clades of vertebrates on the tree depicted below. Source: R. Zardoya and A. Meyer. 1998. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95:1422614231. Copyright 1998 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.arrow_forward
- There are two hypotheses to explain the pattern of Human Evolution: 1) Progressive Evolution of a Single Lineage ; 2) Evolutionary Radiation Which of these hypotheses are supported by evidence, and briefly explain why? Please explain in detailsarrow_forwardHow does the fact that all ethnic groups except Africans contain some Neanderthal DNA (1–4 percent of their DNA) support the out-of-Africa hypothesis for the origin of modern humans (Homo sapiens)?arrow_forwardEvolution in Humans 1) explain how fossil evidence is used to reconstruct the hominid history 2) explain how genetic evidence is used to document changes in species and populations over time 3) describe several techniques that paleontologists today use to establish fossil agearrow_forward
- How do the genome sequences of orangutans and gorillas helpscientists further resolve the evolutionary history of humans?arrow_forwardAbout 3 million years ago, the Isthmus of Panama (a narrow strip of land connecting North and South America) formed, dividing marine organisms into Pacific and Caribbean populations. Researchers have examined species of snapping shrimp on both sides of the isthmus. Based on the morphological species concept, there appeared to be seven pairs of species, with one species of each pair in the Pacific and the other in the Caribbean. The different species pairs live at somewhat different depths in the ocean. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, the researchers estimated phylogenies and found that each of these species pairs, separated by the isthmus were indeed each other's closest relatives. The researchers investigated mating in the lab and found that many species pairs were not very interested in courting with each other, and any that did mate almost never produced fertile offspring. Which process led to the formation of the species pairs of Pacific and Caribbean snapping shrimp? sympatric…arrow_forwardAbout 3 million years ago, the Isthmus of Panama (a narrow strip of land connecting North and South America) formed, dividing marine organisms into Pacific and Caribbean populations. Researchers have examined species of snapping shrimp on both sides of the isthmus. Based on the morphological species concept, there appeared to be seven pairs of species, with one species of each pair in the Pacific and the other in the Caribbean. The different species pairs live at somewhat different depths in the ocean. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, the researchers estimated phylogenies and found that each of these species pairs, separated by the isthmus were indeed each other's closest relatives. The researchers investigated mating in the lab and found that many species pairs were not very interested in courting with each other, and any that did mate almost never produced fertile offspring. Use the species concepts to explain how the sister populations on opposite sides of the isthmus are true…arrow_forward
- Who are the fossils “Ardi” and “Lucy”? Elaborate on the roles each played in the reconstruction of human evolutionary history?arrow_forwardWhat two pieces of evidence support the claim that all life on Earth descended from a common ancestor?arrow_forwardMichael Bunce and his colleagues in England, Canada, and theUnited States extracted and sequenced mitochondrial DNA from fossilsof Haast’s eagle, a gigantic eagle that was driven to extinction 700 yearsago when humans first arrived in New Zealand (M. Bunce et al. 2005.PLOS Biology 3:44–46). Using mitochondrial DNA sequences fromliving eagle species and those from Haast’s-eagle fossils, they createdthe accompanying phylogenetic tree. On this phylogenetic tree, identify(a) all nodes; (b) one example of a branch; and (c) the outgroup.arrow_forward
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