BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 9.4, Problem 4LO
Summary Introduction
To determine: The possible reasons for the mutation of Ras protein in human cancers.
Introduction: Ras is a GTP binding protein and acts as a link between receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. The protein is in an active state when bound to GTP and is in an inactive state when bound to GDP.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 9.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 9.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.4 - Describe how information crosses the membrane in...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 9.4 - Prob. 4LOCh. 9.5 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 9 - Paracrine signaling is characterized by ligands...Ch. 9 - Signal transduction pathways a. are necessary for...Ch. 9 - The function of a ____is to add phosphates to...Ch. 9 - Which of the following receptor types is NOT a...Ch. 9 - How does the function of an intracellular receptor...Ch. 9 - Signaling through receptor tyrosine kinases often...Ch. 9 - Prob. 7UCh. 9 - Which of the following best describes the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 1ACh. 9 - The ion Ca2+ can act as a second messenger because...Ch. 9 - Different receptors can have the same effect on a...Ch. 9 - In comparing small G proteins like Ras and GPCR...Ch. 9 - Prob. 5ACh. 9 - The receptors for steroid hormones and peptide...Ch. 9 - Describe the common features found in all examples...Ch. 9 - The sheet of cells that form the gut epithelium...
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- Name two ways in which loss of p53 function contributes to a malignant phenotype. Explain how benzo(a) pyrene can cause loss of p53 function. Hint: Loss of p53 function occurs in the majority of human tumors.arrow_forwardOur understanding of the molecular biology of cancer formation has been greatly enhanced by studying oncogenic viruses. Answer the following questions regarding oncogenic retroviruses? Explain how a gain of function mutation in the Ras protein caused by a retrovirus might lead to cancer formation.arrow_forwardThe chemical carcinogen dimethybenzialanthracene (DMBA) must be an extraordinarily specific mutagen since 90% of the skin tumors it causes have an A-to-Talteration at exactly the same site in the mutant Ras gene is true or falsearrow_forward
- Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes in a number of different ways. In some cases, the proto-oncogene itself becomes amplified up to hundreds of times in a cancer cell. An example is the cyclin D1 gene, which is amplified in some cancers. In other cases, the proto-oncogene may be mutated in a limited number of specific ways, leading to alterations in the gene product’s structure. The ras gene is an example of a proto-oncogene that becomes oncogenic after suffering point mutations in specific regions of the gene. Explain why these two proto-oncogenes (cyclin D1 and ras) undergo such different alterations in order to convert them into oncogenes.arrow_forwardA mutation in the Ras protein renders Ras constitutively active (RasD). What is constitutive activation?arrow_forwardHow does constitutively active Ras promote cancer?arrow_forward
- Researchers have identified some tumors that have no recurrent mutations or deletions in known oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes and no detectable epigenetic alterations. However, these tumors often have large chromosomal deletions. What are some possible explanations that could account for the genetic causes behind these tumors?arrow_forwardWhile a stem cell transplant from an unaffected donor is currently the only cure for DBA, genome-editing technologies may one day enable the correction of a mutation in a patient’s own bone marrow stem cells. However, what specific information would be needed, beyond a symptom-based diagnosis of DBA, in order to accomplish this?arrow_forwardPart of the Ras protein is associated with the plasma membrane, and part extends into the cytoplasm. How does the Ras protein transmit a signal from outside the cell into the cytoplasm? What happens in cases where the ras gene is mutated?arrow_forward
- Describe the mutational event that produces the MYC oncogene in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Why does the particular mechanism for generating oncogenic MYC result in a lymphoma rather than another type of cancer? Describe another mechanism for generating oncogenic MYC.arrow_forwardWhat are Ras protein and p53? How can mutations in the genes for these proteins contribute to cancer?arrow_forwardHow do loss of function mutations associated with Artemis (protein) cause their resulting phenotypes? Explain how genetically modified HSCs can treat these phenotypes.arrow_forward
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