Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780133923001
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 9.4, Problem 1CSC
Body, Heal Thyself
Ligaments and tendons have a limited capacity for self-repair. They tend to have a meager blood supply and contain only a small number of specialized cells that produce proteins, such as collagen and elastic, that provide flexibility and strength. In Bartolo Colón’s case, the hope was that the stem cells injected into his shoulder and elbow would progress rapidly through the cell cycle, producing large populations of specialized daughter cells that would regenerate his ligaments and tendons. How would mitotic cell division ensure that the daughter cells contained accurate copies of all of Colón’s chromosomes, including the genes that specify all of the proteins needed to repair his arm?
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 9.1 - describe the types of cells found in a...Ch. 9.1 - describe the functions of cell division in...Ch. 9.2 - describe the prokaryotic cell cycle and the major...Ch. 9.3 - describe the structure of a eukaryotic chromosome?Ch. 9.3 - describe the functions of telomeres and...Ch. 9.4 - Body, Heal Thyself Ligaments and tendons have a...Ch. 9.4 - describe the events of the eukaryotic cell cycle?Ch. 9.4 - explain the difference between mitotic cell...Ch. 9.5 - Body, Heal Thyself The precision of mitotic cell...Ch. 9.5 - describe the steps of mitotic cell division?
Ch. 9.5 - What would the consequences be if one set of...Ch. 9.5 - describe the usual outcome of mitotic cell...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 9.6 - Body, Heal Thyself Bartolo Colns physicians wanted...Ch. 9.6 - Prob. 1CTCh. 9.6 - describe the interactions among growth factors,...Ch. 9.6 - Yesterday, when Daniel was showering after a...Ch. 9.6 - The saliva of dogs, like the saliva of most...Ch. 9.6 - What would happen if a cell suffered a mutation...Ch. 9.6 - explain how a cell protects against producing...Ch. 9 - Most nerve cells in the adult human central...Ch. 9 - The genetic material of all living organisms is...Ch. 9 - A cell that remains capable of dividing throughout...Ch. 9 - Diagram and describe the eukaryotic cell cycle....Ch. 9 - Prob. 2ACCh. 9 - Prokaryotic cells divide by a process called...Ch. 9 - Prob. 2MCCh. 9 - Prob. 2RQCh. 9 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 9 - Prob. 3MCCh. 9 - Prob. 3RQCh. 9 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 9 - How does prokaryotic fission differ from...Ch. 9 - Define the following terms: centromere, telomere,...Ch. 9 - The four phases of mitosis are _________,...Ch. 9 - Prob. 5MCCh. 9 - Prob. 5RQCh. 9 - Prob. 6FIBCh. 9 - Prob. 6RQCh. 9 - Prob. 7RQ
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- Tumor suppressor proteins can assist in slowing down the cell cycle under appropriate conditions. In humans, the TP53 gene encodes a tumor suppressor called p53. Most mutations in the TP53 gene result in a mutant form of p53 that can no longer function to slow down the cell cycle, which can lead to a cell becoming cancerous. However, some mutant forms of p53 actually possess the ability to increase a cell's resistance to anticancer treatments. Which of the following BEST describes the latter type of mutation? loss-of-function mutation gain-of-function mutation suppressor mutation reverse mutationarrow_forwardHeLa Cells are the most widely used human cell line. They have been used in thousands of studies, leading to countless discoveries. These cells were unknowingly taken from Henrietta Lacks, a Johns Hopkins Medical Center patient. Dr. Gey at Johns Hopkins Medical Center took some of the cells from Mrs. Lacks's cancer and discovered that they could keep growing and dividing indefinitely. Mrs. Lacks did not know these cells were taken from her and neither did any of her family members. Today, strict guidelines protect individuals participating in a federally funded research study (e.g., in a clinical trial). The study has to go through a lengthy review and participants receive information about all aspects of the study and provide “informed consent” to participate. These guidelines are known as the Common Rule. However, the Common Rule does not apply to cells or tissues removed during medical procedures. Scientists can use leftover tissues from surgeries, and biopsies for research…arrow_forward4) Describe in detail how p53 and MDM2 regulate cell division in a normal, healthy cell. You should describe 1) how these proteins cooperate to allow a cell to go through the cell cycle, 2) how they cooperate to stop the cell cycle, and 3) how they allow the cell cycle to continue again after having stopped it initially. You may use point form if you want.arrow_forward
- During cell division cycle, cells need to monitor the process of DNA replication and segregation of replicated DNA so that these processes are error-free. Some potential errors that could occur include incomplete DNA replication, DNA damage in genome, and uneven separation of replicated genome. These mechanisms that cells used to monitor these processes are referred as the "cell cycle checkpoint, which can control specific Cdk activity to regulate the progression of cell cycle. For the following checkpoint mechanisms, indicate which Cdk activity is attenuated? Also indicate one of the key proteins or protein complexes involved in the following checkpoints. a) DNA damage checkpoint during S-phase b) Mitotic checkpoint during M-phasearrow_forwardHuman cells divide every day for normal growth, replacement of cells, and tissue repair. The dividing cells proceed through the three phases of the cell cycle as shown in the figure. When a person experiences a cut, damaged skin cells secrete a protein called epidermal growth factor (EGF). Epidermal (skin) cells in the vicinity of the injury possess proteins in their cell membranes called epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) Cancer can result from disruptions in cell cycle control. Mutations that increase the production of EGFR have been associated with skin cancer of the head and neck. Describe how a mutation outside of the coding region of a gene that encodes EGFR could lead to the overproduction of EGFR protein in a skin cell.arrow_forwardCell division cycle mutations render the mutants unable to continue the cell cycle. This phenotype creates a paradox where mutant cells must also be grown in the lab to further identify the gene and study the role of the protein. How do you think this problem can be solved?arrow_forward
- (a) the cell cycle is divided into different phases (referred to as M, G0, G1, S and G2); Can you account for what happens during the different parts of the cycle and out of it is checked? ( b) What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis? ( c) What are caspases and what is their function in the cell?arrow_forwardIn normally dividing cells, once chromosomes have been properly segregated via the steps of mitosis, the two resulting “daughter cells” separate. In animal cells (and other cell types without a cell wall) the contractile ring plays a crucial role in the process of cytokinesis. Exactly how the contractile ring is accurately positioned, so as to be located midway between the two poles (ends) of the dividing cell, is still not fully understood, although factors released from the mitotic spindle are thought to play a role.Regardless of the precise positioning mechanism, one key player in the assembly of the contractile ring is the GTP/GDP binding protein Rho. In its active form, Rho can stimulate the activity of the actin-binding protein formin and (via effects on the myosin regulatory light chain) that of myosin II. Given their respective roles, why might activation of formin and myosin II be beneficial as cells assemble a functional contractile ring structure?arrow_forwardHeLa cells are a line of cells grown in laboratory culture that has been used extensively in research. This cell line was originally derived from malignant cervical cancer cells that were removed from a woman named Henrietta Lacks in 1951. They were grown in culture and shipped to research labs around the world where they have been used in many important experiments. Like HeLa cells, many other cell lines were originally taken from cancerous tissue. What are the advantages to using cancer cells for developing cell lines? Why not use normal tissue?arrow_forward
- By what molecular pathway does loss of cell cycle regulation in an organism lead to cancer? What genetic changes can cooperate to accomplish the cancer cell’s escape from the normal balance of cell growth?arrow_forward3) Examine the graph showing the relative percentage normal and cancer cells spend in various stages of the cell cycle. Based on the information in the graphs, infer how cancer cells differ from typical, noncancerous cells. Select ALL that apply. A) Cancer cells do not replicate their DNA. B) Cancer cells replicate their DNA too quickly. C) Cancer cells do not go through interphase during their cell cycle. D) Cancer cells spend more time dividing compared to typical cells. E) Cancer cells do not always grow to the same size as typical cells. more than 1 answer. not gradedarrow_forwardWhile they are similar in many ways, some key differences occur late in the mitotic division. Describe the similarities and differences between the cytokinesis mechanisms found in animal cells versus those in plant cells.arrow_forward
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