Chapter 8.4, Problem 8.6BFP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The condensed electronic configuration and the number of unpaired electrons in ${\text{Zr}}^{2+}\left(\text{Z}=40\right)$ are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The electronic configuration of an element tells about the distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals. It is used to predict the physical, chemical, electrical and magnetic properties of the substance.

The condensed electronic configuration is a short way to write the configuration of elements in terms of the nearest noble gas configuration.

The electrons are filled up in accordance with three rules:

1. Aufbau principle which states that the electrons are filled up in the increasing order of their orbitals which follows as: $1s2s2p3s3p4s\text{}3d$.

2. Hund’s rule which states that the pairing of electrons will not start until each of the orbitals is singly occupied.

3. Pauli’s exclusion principle states that no two electrons can have the same value of all the four quantum numbers.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The condensed electronic configuration and the number of unpaired electrons in ${\text{Os}}^{3+}\left(\text{Z}=76\right)$ are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The electronic configuration of an element tells about the distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals. It is used to predict the physical, chemical, electrical and magnetic properties of the substance.

The condensed electronic configuration is a short way to write the configuration of elements in terms of the nearest noble gas configuration.

The electrons are filled up in accordance with three rules:

1. Aufbau principle which states that the electrons are filled up in the increasing order of their orbitals which follows as: $1s2s2p3s3p4s\text{}3d$.

2. Hund’s rule which states that the pairing of electrons will not start until each of the orbitals is singly occupied.

3. Pauli’s exclusion principle states that no two electrons can have the same value of all the four quantum numbers.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The condensed electronic configuration and the number of unpaired electrons in ${\text{Co}}^{2+}\left(\text{Z}=27\right)$ are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The electronic configuration of an element tells about the distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals. It is used to predict the physical, chemical, electrical and magnetic properties of the substance.

The condensed electronic configuration is a short way to write the configuration of elements in terms of the nearest noble gas configuration.

The electrons are filled up in accordance with three rules:

1. Aufbau principle which states that the electrons are filled up in the increasing order of their orbitals which follows as: $1s2s2p3s3p4s\text{}3d$.

2. Hund’s rule which states that the pairing of electrons will not start until each of the orbitals is singly occupied.

3. Pauli’s exclusion principle states that no two electrons can have the same value of all the four quantum numbers.