Concept explainers
The force of attraction due to gravity follows an equation similar to Coulomb’s law:
Where
(a) Calculate the force of gravitational attraction between Earth and the Sun if the mass of Earth equals
(b) Assuming that the Sun and Earth would have the same magnitude but opposite charges, what charge is necessary to provide a coulombic force that equals the gravitational force between the Sun and Earth? How many moles of electrons is that? To put your answer in perspective, consider that if earth were composed of pure iron, it would contain about
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 8 Solutions
Physical Chemistry
- If the atomic radius of sodium atoms is 1.86 × 10−10 m, how many sodium atoms are needed to make a line that is 1.00 cm in length?arrow_forwardHelium is the lightest noble gas and the second most abundant element (after hydrogen) in the universe. (a) The radius of a helium atom is 3.1x10-11 m; the radius of its nucleus is 2.5x10-15 m. What fraction of the spherical atomic volume is occupied by the nucleus (V of a sphere 5 4/ 3πr3)? (b) The mass of a helium-4 atom is 6.64648x10-24 g, and each of its two electrons has a mass of 9.10939x10-28 g. What fraction of this atom’s mass is contributed by its nucleus?arrow_forwardChoose one group of representative elements (main group elements) and discuss its chemistry by specifying (i) one of its properties, (ii) citing one important reaction that one member of the group undergoes (write the chemical equation), and (iii) mentioning one of the applications/uses of the members of the group. Your answers to i-iii must consist of no more than 20 words each.arrow_forward
- 2. THE FORCE BETWEEN TWO CHARGES IS 1000 N. ONE HAS A CHARGE OF 2X 10-5 C, AND THE OTHER HAS A CHARGE OF 5 X 10 C. WHAT IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM?arrow_forward(d) the ion with 74 electrons, 116 neutrons, and a +3 chargearrow_forwardFor each of the following processes, does the potential energyof the object(s) increase or decrease? (a) The distancebetween two oppositely charged particles is increased.(b) Water is pumped from ground level to the reservoir of awater tower 30 m above the ground. (c) The bond in a chlorinemolecule, Cl2, is broken to form two chlorine atoms.arrow_forward
- In the ammonia (NH3) molecule, three hydrogen (H) atoms form an equilateral triangle, with the center of the triangle at distance d = 94.0 pm (picometer) from each hydrogen atom. The nitrogen (N) atom is at the apex of a pyramid, with the three hydrogen atoms forming the base. The nitrogen-to-hydrogen atomic mass ratio is 13.9, and the nitrogen-to-hydrogen distance is L = 101.4pm. What are the (a)x and (b)y coordinates of the molecule's center of mass? [Answer: (a) 0; (b)31.3 pm]. SHOW work, work needs to be shown!arrow_forwardv. Answer true or false. (a) Mendeleev discovered that, when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, certain sets of properties recur periodically. (b) Main-group elements are those in the columns 3A to 8A of the Periodic Table. (e) Nonmetals are found at the top of the Periodic Table, metalloids in the middle, and metals at the bottom. (d) Among the 116 known elements, there are approximately equal numbers of metals and nonmetals. (e) A horizontal row in the Periodic Table is called a group. () The Group 1A elements are called the "alkali metals." (g) The alkali metals react with water to give hydrogen gas and a metal hydroxide, MOH, where “M" is the metal. (h) The halogens are Group 7A elements. (1) The boiling points of noble gases (Group 8A elements) increase in going from top to bottom of the column.arrow_forwardA mass spectrometer is being used to separate common oxygen-16 from the much rarer oxygen-18, taken from a sample of old glacial ice. (The relative abundance of these oxygen isotopes is related to climatic temperature at the time the ice was deposited.) The ratio of the masses of these two ions is 16 to 18, the mass of oxygen-16 is 2.66 ✕ 10−26 kg, and they are singly charged and travel at 7.40 ✕ 106 m/s in a 1.40 T magnetic field. What is the separation (in m) between their paths when they hit a target after traversing a semicircle?arrow_forward
- Chromium reacts with oxygen to form three different compounds, X, Y and Z. It was found that, for every gram of chromium in Compounds X, Y and Z, there were 0.308 g, 0.462 g and 0.924 g of oxygen, respectively. (a) Show that the above data illustrate Dalton’s Law of Multiple Proportions.(b) Using these data, derive simple formula of compounds X, Y and Z.arrow_forwardLook up the following information for the element iridium: (i) number of protons, neutrons, and electrons; (ii) atomic number and average atomic mass; (iii) the charge of the anion(s) or cation(s) that it commonly forms; (iv) the mass of its two most common isotopes and the number of protons and neutrons in each one. Also, comment briefly on the presence of this element in meteorite craters and the significance of this observation.arrow_forwardPredict and test the behavior of α particles fired at a “plum pudding” model atom.(a) Predict the paths taken by α particles that are fired at atoms with a Thomson’s plum pudding model structure.Explain why you expect the α particles to take these paths.(b) If α particles of higher energy than those in (a) are fired at plum pudding atoms, predict how their paths will differ from the lower-energy α particle paths. Explain your reasoning.(c) Now test your predictions from (a) and (b). Open the Rutherford Scattering simulation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16PhetScatter) and select the “Plum Pudding Atom” tab. Set “Alpha ParticlesEnergy” to “min,” and select “show traces.” Click on the gun to start firing α particles. Does this match your prediction from (a)? If not, explain why the actual path would be that shown in the simulation. Hit the pause button,or “Reset All.” Set “Alpha Particles Energy” to “max,” and start firing α particles. Does this match your prediction from (b)? If not,…arrow_forward
- General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning