The maximum pressure at which the freeze drying can be carried out needs to be determined. Concept introduction: Freeze drying is a low temperature dehydration process that freezes the product by lowering the pressure then removes the ice through sublimation. Sublimation is the process by which solid changes into gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid state. The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation is represented as follows: ln P 2 P 1 = − Δ H s u b R ( 1 T 2 − 1 T 1 ) Here, P is pressure, R is Universal gas constant, T is temperature and Δ H s u b is change in enthalpy of sublimation.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 8.14NP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The maximum pressure at which the freeze drying can be carried out needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Freeze drying is a low temperature dehydration process that freezes the product by lowering the pressure then removes the ice through sublimation.

Sublimation is the process by which solid changes into gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid state.

The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation is represented as follows:

lnP2P1=−ΔHsubR(1T2−1T1)

Here, P is pressure, R is Universal gas constant, T is temperature and ΔHsub is change in enthalpy of sublimation.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 8.14NP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The maximum pressure at which the freeze drying can be carried out needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Freeze drying is a low temperature dehydration process that freezes the product by lowering the pressure then removes the ice through sublimation.

Sublimation is the process by which solid changes into gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid state.

The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation is represented as follows:

lnP2P1=−ΔHsubR(1T2−1T1)

Here, P is pressure, R is Universal gas constant, T is temperature and ΔHsub is change in enthalpy of sublimation.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 8.14NP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The maximum pressure at which the freeze drying can be carried out needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Freeze drying is a low temperature dehydration process that freezes the product by lowering the pressure then removes the ice through sublimation.

Sublimation is the process by which solid changes into gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid state.

The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation is represented as follows:

lnP2P1=−ΔHsubR(1T2−1T1)

Here, P is pressure, R is Universal gas constant, T is temperature and ΔHsub is change in enthalpy of sublimation.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 8.14NP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The maximum pressure at which the freeze drying can be carried out needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Freeze drying is a low temperature dehydration process that freezes the product by lowering the pressure then removes the ice through sublimation.

Sublimation is the process by which solid changes into gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid state.

The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation is represented as follows:

lnP2P1=−ΔHsubR(1T2−1T1)

Here, P is pressure, R is Universal gas constant, T is temperature and ΔHsub is change in enthalpy of sublimation.

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Answer 5

Chapter 8, Problem 8.14NP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The maximum pressure at which the freeze drying can be carried out needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Freeze drying is a low temperature dehydration process that freezes the product by lowering the pressure then removes the ice through sublimation.

Sublimation is the process by which solid changes into gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid state.

The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation is represented as follows:

lnP2P1=−ΔHsubR(1T2−1T1)

Here, P is pressure, R is Universal gas constant, T is temperature and ΔHsub is change in enthalpy of sublimation.

Answer 6

Chapter 8, Problem 8.14NP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The maximum pressure at which the freeze drying can be carried out needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Freeze drying is a low temperature dehydration process that freezes the product by lowering the pressure then removes the ice through sublimation.

Sublimation is the process by which solid changes into gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid state.

The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation is represented as follows:

lnP2P1=−ΔHsubR(1T2−1T1)

Here, P is pressure, R is Universal gas constant, T is temperature and ΔHsub is change in enthalpy of sublimation.

Answer 7

Chapter 8, Problem 8.14NP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The maximum pressure at which the freeze drying can be carried out needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Freeze drying is a low temperature dehydration process that freezes the product by lowering the pressure then removes the ice through sublimation.

Sublimation is the process by which solid changes into gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid state.

The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation is represented as follows:

lnP2P1=−ΔHsubR(1T2−1T1)

Here, P is pressure, R is Universal gas constant, T is temperature and ΔHsub is change in enthalpy of sublimation.

Answer 8

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Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.1CP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.2CP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.3CP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.4CP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.5CP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.6CP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.7CP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.8CP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.9CP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.10CP

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Chapter 8 Solutions