(a)
Interpretation:
The curved arrow notation for the elimination of
Concept introduction:
Curved arrows are used to represent the movement of electrons in a reaction mechanism. The arrow starts on an electron-rich atom or an electron-rich region such as a pi bond. It ends on an electron poor atom when the movement results in the formation of a new sigma bond. If the result is the formation of a pi bond, the arrow ends in the region between the two atoms that form the bond.
A carbocation is a positively charged carbon atom that is electron-poor, two electrons short of an octet. A nearby bond or a lone pair on a nearby atom acts as an electron-rich region and can transfer the pair of electrons to the electron-poor atom. This can result in the formation of a more stable neutral species, accompanied by the loss of an electrophile. The electrophile may be a proton or another cationic species and is extracted by any base that may be present.
(b)
Interpretation:
The curved arrow notation for the elimination of
Concept introduction:
Curved arrows are used to represent the movement of electrons in a reaction mechanism. The arrow starts on an electron-rich atom or an electron-rich region such as a pi bond. It ends on an electron poor atom when the movement results in the formation of a new sigma bond. If the result is the formation of a pi bond, the arrow ends in the region between the two atoms that form the bond.
A carbocation is a positively charged carbon atom that is electron-poor, two electrons short of an octet. A nearby bond or a lone pair on a nearby atom acts as an electron-rich region and can transfer the pair of electrons to the electron-poor atom. This can result in the formation of a more stable neutral species, accompanied by the loss of an electrophile. The electrophile may be a proton or another cationic species and is extracted by any base that may be present.
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Chapter 7 Solutions
Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition)
- Draw an energy diagram for each reaction in Problem 20.28, paying attention to the relative energies of the overall reactants, overall products, and any intermediates.arrow_forwardPGF2α (Section 4.15) is synthesized in cells using a cyclooxygenase enzyme that catalyzes a multistep radical pathway. Two steps in the pathway are depicted in the accompanying equations. (a) Draw in curved arrows to illustrate how C is converted to D in Step [1]. (b) Identify Y, the product of Step [2], using the curved arrows that are drawn on compound D.arrow_forwardAn ether can be prepared from an alkene and an alcohol by electrophilic addition, as shown in the reaction below. H+ CH₂CH₂OH Complete the mechanism for this reaction by adding curved arrows and products. Add steps as necessary, and be sure to include lone pairs and charges where relevant.arrow_forward
- PGF2α (Section 4.15) is synthesized in cells using a cyclooxygenase enzyme that catalyzes a multistep radical pathway. Two steps in the pathway are depicted in the accompanying equations. (a) Draw in curved arrows to illustrate how C is converted to D in Step [1]. (b) Identify Y, the product of Step [2], using the curved arrows that are drawn on compound D.arrow_forward12) Use the curved arrow formalism to show the movement of electron pairs in the following reaction and label each reactant as a nucleophile or an electrophile. CHÍNH CHỊCH, + CO Học Nha CH₂CH₂CIarrow_forwardNoting the curved arrows, draw all the product(s), organic and inorganic, of the following reaction. In image.arrow_forward
- For the generic ester RC(O)OR′, which bond will hydrolyzeunder basic conditions?(a) the R¬C bond (b) the C“O bond (c) the C¬O bond(d) the O¬R′ bond (e) more than one of the abovearrow_forwardDraw the structure of each of the following molecules. (a) pentanoic anhydride; (b) hexanoic propanoic anhydride; (c) ethanoic 3-methylpentanoic anhydridearrow_forwardDraw the structure of each of the following molecules. (a) pentanoyl chloride; (b) 4-(2-methylpropyl)heptanedioyl chloride; (c) (S)-5-phenyloctanoyl chloridearrow_forward
- 1) The carbon-oxygen double bond present in aldehydes and ketones is very polar. What does this mean and how does it arise? 2) The carbon-oxygen double bond is readily attacked by nucleophiles like cyanide ions or ammonia. (i) What do you understand by the term nucleophile? (ii) Which part of the carbon-oxygen double bond is attractive to nucleophiles? 3) Why is there a difference between aldehydes and ketones in their response to oxidizing agents such as potassium dichromate(VI) solution acidified with dilute sulfuric acid?arrow_forwardPropylene does not undergo free radical polymerization readily because there are two competing steps after initiation: propagation and hydrogen atom abstraction.(a) Using a generic radical R• as a reactant with propylene, draw the mechanism and products for the two competing steps.(b) Which step produces the more stable product?(c) How do your results explain propylene’s poor reactivity in free radical polymerization?arrow_forwardplease help with part a and part barrow_forward
Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage Learning