Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781305577190
Author: Kenneth L. Williamson, Katherine M. Masters
Publisher: Brooks Cole
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Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds of plant origin, many of which are physiologically active when administered to humans. Ingestion of coniine, isolated from water hemlock, can cause weakness, labored respiration, paralysis, and eventually death. Coniine is the toxic substance in the “poison hemlock” used in the death of Socrates. In small doses, nicotine is an addictive stimulant. In larger doses, it causes depression, nausea, and vomiting. In still larger doses, it is a deadly poison. Solutions of nicotine in water are used as insecticides. Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.Classify each amino group in these alkaloids according to type (primary, secondary, tertiary, aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic).
Carboxylic acids are acidic enough to dissolve in both 10% NaOH and NaHCO3. Phenols, ArOH, are weak acids and most phenols will not dissolve in 10% NaHCO3. How would you separate a mixture of a carboxylic acid (RCOOH), an amine (RNH2), a phenol (ArOH) and a hydrocarbon (RH) using chemically active extraction? Draw a flow chart to illustrate your separation. Show each species in the aqueous and organic layers.
In the empty box, provide appropriate reagents and reaction conditions
necessary to convert Salicylic Acid to Aspirin.
HO
2
OH
Salicylic Acid
OH
Aspirin
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- Write an equation for the reaction of chloroacetic acid (Ka=1.5103) with trimethylamine (Kb=5.9105) . Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction. If 0.10 M solutions of these two species are mixed, what will be their concentrations at equilibrium?arrow_forwardFormaldehyde, H2C=O, is known to all biologists because of its usefulness as a tissue preservative. When pure, formaldehyde trimerizes to give trioxane, C3H6O3, which, surprisingly enough, has no carbonyl groups. Only one monobromo derivative (C3H5BrO3) of trioxane is possible. Propose a structure for trioxane.arrow_forward(HC(CH₂), CO₂) is 9.33 × 106. x Calculate the pH of a 2.8 M solution of trimethylacetic acid. Round your answer to 1 decimal place. The acid dissociation constant K of trimethylacetic acid pH = 0 X 5arrow_forward
- how to convert 1-butanol into 4-heptanolarrow_forwardIn the chemical reaction shown below, 0.0100 mol of 2-methyl-2-propanol is reacted with 0.0175 mol of ammonium bromide and 0.0350 mol of ammonium chloride in the presence of 0.100 mol of sulfuric acid. What are the products of this reaction and their respective ratio to one another? OH 0000 NH4*Cr NH₂ Br H₂SO4 H₂O 2-methyl-2-propanol 2-bromo-2-methylpropane and 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (ratio: 1:2; respectively) 2-bromo-2-methylpropane and 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (ratio: 1:1; respectively) 2-bromo-2-methylpropane and 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (ratio: 2:1; respectively) 1-bromo-2-methylpropane and 1-chloro-2-methylpropane (ratio: 1:2; respectively) ?+ ?arrow_forwardThe disinfection of drinking water to control microbial contaminants can form chemical disinfection byproducts. These compounds result from the reaction of chlorine with naturally occurring organic matter (the dissolved molecules that give natural water the yellow-greenish color). One class of disinfection byproducts is the malodorous and unpalatable chlorophenols. 2,4-dichlorophenol is one compound of this class. a) Calculate the vapor pressure p*L of 2,4-dichlorophenol at 60 °C using Tb and structural information only OH .CI M, = 163.0 g/mol Tm = 43.7 °C Tp = 213.0°C %3D %3D %3Darrow_forward
- Give the chemical name of the final product that will be formed by the following reaction: NaCN НА ? w ww H2O, heatarrow_forwardThe purity of the aspirin sample is tested with iron (III) chloride. A purple color resulting from iron (III) chloride test indicates the aspirin sample contains some unreacted salicylic acid and the carboxylic acid group in salicylic acid gives a purple color. the structure of aspirin itself contains a phenolic -OH group. O the aspirin sample contains some unreacted salicylic acid and the phenolic -OH group in salicylic acid gives a purple color. the aspirin sample contains some unreacted salicylic acid and the ring structure in salicylic acid gives a purple color.arrow_forwardwhich has the highest solubility between methanol and hexane?arrow_forward
- Part A: Draw the line-angle formula for methyl propanoate Part B: Draw the product of the reaction of ethylmethylamine with water Part C: Draw the product of the neutralization of ethylmethylamine with HBrarrow_forwardThe normal pH range for blood plasma is 7.35–7.45. Under these conditions, would you expect the carboxyl group of lactic acid (pKa 3.08) to exist primarily as a carboxyl group or as a carboxylic anion? Explain.arrow_forwardGive the chemical name of the final product that will be formed by the following reaction: NaCN НА ? H2O, heatarrow_forward
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