Universe: Stars And Galaxies
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781319115098
Author: Roger Freedman, Robert Geller, William J. Kaufmann
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 7, Problem 31Q
To determine
The probability that a crater having a radius of
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The iron meteorite that created Barringer Crater (Arizona) was 50 m in diameter. It caused a crater 1.2 km (1200 m) in diameter, that is, 24 times bigger than the impactor. Keeping in mind that the size of the crater depends on many factors, such as the type of rocks present in the area, estimate the approximate size of the impactor that produced Mare Serenitatis.
Earth's atmosphere contains just a small amount of carbon dioxide at the present time, because
Earth's volcanoes did not outgas as much carbon dioxide as those on Mars and Venus
Chemical reactions with other gases destroyed the carbon dioxide and replaced it with Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide dissolves in water, and now most of it is contained in oceans and carbonate rocks
Most of the carbon dioxide was lost during the 'heavy bombardment' phase
Why did Venus suffer from the runaway greenhouse effect but Earth has avoided it so far?
Chapter 7 Solutions
Universe: Stars And Galaxies
Ch. 7 - Prob. 1QCh. 7 - Prob. 2QCh. 7 - Prob. 3QCh. 7 - Prob. 4QCh. 7 - Prob. 5QCh. 7 - Prob. 6QCh. 7 - Prob. 7QCh. 7 - Prob. 8QCh. 7 - Prob. 9QCh. 7 - Prob. 10Q
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- Astronomers believe that the deposit of lava in the giant mare basins did not happen in one flow but in many different eruptions spanning some time. Indeed, in any one mare, we find a variety of rock ages, typically spanning about 100 million years. The individual lava flows as seen in Hadley Rille by the Apollo 15 astronauts were about 4mthick. Estimate the average time interval between the beginnings of successive lava flows if the total depth of the lava in the mare is 2 km.arrow_forwardThe runaway greenhouse effect and its inverse, the runaway refrigerator effect, have led to harsh, uninhabitable conditions on Venus and Mars. Does the greenhouse effect always cause climate changes leading to loss of water and life? Give a reason for your answer.arrow_forwardWe believe that all of the terrestrial planets had similar histories when it comes to impacts from space. Explain how this idea can be used to date the formation of the martian highlands, the martian basins, and the Tharsis volcanoes. How certain are the ages derived for these features (in other words, how do we check the ages we derive from this method)?arrow_forward
- Why do small planets cool faster than large planets? Choose any two of the five Terrestrial worlds and calculate for each one the ratio of its surface area to its volume. Why is this ratio important? (Hint: Does this ratio have anything to do with the ability of a planet to lose internal heat?) (Note: The surface area of a sphere is 4r2, and the volume of a sphere is 43r3.)arrow_forwardDescribe the four stages of Terrestrial planet development.arrow_forwardHow do impacts by comets and asteroids influence Earth’s geology, its atmosphere, and the evolution of life?arrow_forward
- How might Venus’ atmosphere have evolved to its present state through a runaway greenhouse effect?arrow_forwardOlympus Mons on Mars is an enormous volcano. In this image, you can see multiple calderas (craters) at the top. What do the numbers of calderas and the immense size of the volcano indicate about the geology of Mars?arrow_forwardLook at the map of the Hawaiian chain of islands on the right-hand page of the Concept Art: Volcanoes. Which island formed most recently? How do you know? Is the newly formed volcano of a type found on Venus, on Mars, on both planets, or on neither?arrow_forward
- Explain the evidence for a period of heavy bombardment on the Moon about 4 billion years ago.arrow_forwardCompare the current atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars in terms of composition, thickness (and pressure at the surface), and the greenhouse effect.arrow_forwardWhy are Mercury and the Moon so much more heavily cratered than the Earth? Explain how crater counts tell us the age of a surface.arrow_forward
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